A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
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The critically acclaimed New York Times bestselling account of how the modern Middle East came into being after World War I, and why it is in upheaval todayIn our time the Middle East has proven a battleground of rival religions, ideologies, nationalisms, and dynasties. All of these conflicts, including the hostilities between Arabs and Israelis that have flared yet again, come down, in a sense, to the extent to which the Middle East will continue to live with its political inheritance: the arrangements, unities, and divisions imposed upon the region by the Allies after the First World War.In A Peace to End All Peace, David Fromkin reveals how and why the Allies came to remake the geography and politics of the Middle East, drawing lines on an empty map that eventually became the new countries of Iraq, Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon. Focusing on the formative years of 1914 to 1922, when all-even an alliance between Arab nationalism and Zionism-seemed possible he raises questions about what might have been done differently, and answers questions about why things were done as they were. The current battle for a Palestinian homeland has its roots in these events of 85 years ago.
List of Illustrations and Maps 1Photo Credits 2Acknowledgments 3A Note on Spelling 5Introduction 7Part I At the Crossroads of History1 The Last Days of Old Europe 232 The Legacy of The Great Game in Asia 263 The Middle East Before The War 334 The Young Turks Urgently Seek an Ally 455 Winston Churchill on The Eve of War 516 Churchill Seizes Turkey's Warships 547 An Intrigue at the Sublime Porte 62Part II Kitchener of Khartoum Looks Ahead8 Kitchener Takes Command 799 Kitchener's Lieutenants 8810 Kitchener Sets out to Capture Islam 9611 India Protests 10612 The Man in The Middle 111Part III Britain Is Drawn into the Middle Eastern Quagmire13 The Turkish Commanders Almost Lose The War 11914 Kitchener Allows Britain to Attack Turkey 12415 On to Victory at the Dardanelles 13016 Russia's Grab for Turkey 13717 Defining Britain's Goals in the Middle East 14618 At the Narrows of Fortune 15019 The Warriors 15520 The Politicians 15921 The Light That Failed 16322 Creating the Arab Bureau 16823 Making Promises to the Arabs 17324 Making Promises to the European Allies 18825 Turkey's Triumph at the Tigris 200Part IV Subversion26 Behind Enemy Lines 20727 Kitchener's Last Mission 21628 Hussein's Revolt 218Part V The Allies at the Nadir of Their Fortunes29 The Fall of the Allied Governments: Britain and France 23130 The Overthrow of the Czar 239Part VI New Worlds and Promised Lands31 The New World 25332 Lloyd George's Zionism 26333 Toward The Balfour Declaration 27634 The Promised Land 284Part VII Invading the Middle East35 Jerusalem for Christmas 30536 The Road ToDamascus 31537 The Battle for Syria 332Part VIII The Spoils of Victory38 The Parting of the Ways 35139 By The Shores of Troy 363Part IX The Tide Goes Out40 The Ticking Clock 38341 Betrayal 38942 The Unreal World of the Peace Conferences 403Part X Storm over Asia43 The Troubles Begin: 1919-1921 41544 Egypt: The Winter of 1918-1919 41745 Afghanistan: The Spring of 1919 42146 Arabia: The Spring of 1919 42447 Turkey: January 1920 42748 Syria and Lebanon: The Spring and Summer of 1920 43549 Eastern Palestine (Transjordan): 1920 44150 Palestine-Arabs and Jews: 1920 44551 Mesopotamia (IRAQ): 1920 44952 Persia (Iran): 1920 455Part XI Russia Returns to the Middle East53 Unmasking Britain's Enemies 46554 The Soviet Challenge in the Middle East 47155 Moscow's Goals 47556 A Death in Bukhara 480Part XII The Middle Eastern Settlement of 192257 Winston Churchill Takes Charge 49358 Churchill and the Question of Palestine 51559 The Alliances Come Apart 53060 A Greek Tragedy 5406 The Settlement of the Middle Eastern Question 558Afterword to the 2009 Edition 569Notes 577Bibliography 615Index 629
