A Sanskrit Grammar
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This Dover edition is an unabridged reprint of the third edition of A Sanskrit Grammar, Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana, originally published by Ginn and Company, Boston, 1896. Whitney's (1827-1894) text remains one of the few Sanskrit grammars currently available, and will increase the accessibility of ancient Indian literature to students of Indian culture and history. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
PrefaceiiiIntroductionixI.Alphabet1II.System of Sounds; Pronunciation10Vowels10Consonants13Quantity27Accent28III.Rules of Euphonic Combination34Introductory34Principles37Rules of Vowel Combination42Permitted Finals49Deaspiration53Surd and Sonant Assimilation54Combinations of Final s and r56Conversion of s to s61Conversion of n to n54Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals66Combinations of Final n69Combinations of Final m71The Palatal Mutes and Sibilant, and h72The Lingual Sibilant77Extension and Abbreviation78Strengthening and Weakening Processes81Guna and Vrddhi81Vowel-lengthening84Vowel-lightening85Nasal Increment86Reduplication87IV.Declension88Gender, Number, Case88Uses of the Cases89Endings of Declension103Variation of Stem107Accent in Declension108V.Nouns and Adjectives111Classification etc.111Declension I.Stems in a112Declension II.Stems in i and u116Declension III.Stems in Long Vowels (a, i, u): A. Root-words etc.124Stems in Diphthongs130B. Derivative Stems etc.131Declension IV.Stems in r or ar137Declension V.Stems in Consonants141A.Root-stems etc.143B.Derivative Stems in as is, us153C.Derivative Stems in an156D.In in161E.In ant or at163F.Perfect Participles in vans169G.Comparatives in yans or yas172Comparison173VI.Numerals177Cardinals177Ordinals etc.183VII.Pronouns185Personal185Demonstrative188Interrogative194Relative195Other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite196Nouns used pronominally197Pronominal Derivatives, Possessives etc.197Adjectives declined pronominally199VIII.Conjugation200Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person200Verbal Adjectives and Nouns203Secondary Conjugations203Personal Endings204Subjunctive Mode209Optative211Imperative213Uses of the Modes215Participles220Augment220Reduplication222Accent of the Verb223IX.The Present-System227General227Conjugations and Conjugation Classes228Root-Class (second or ad-class)231Reduplicating Class (third or hu-class)242Nasal Class (seventh or rudh-class)250nu and u-Classes (fifth and eighth, or su- and tan-classes)254na-Class (ninth or kri-class)260a-Class (first or bhu-class)264Accented a-Class (sixth or tud-class)269ya-Class (fourth or div-class)271Accented ya-Class or Passive Conjugation275So-called tenth or cur-class277Uses of the Present and Imperfect278X.The Perfect-System279Perfect Tense279Perfect Participle291Modes of the Perfect292Pluperfect295Uses of the Perfect295XI.The Aorist-Systems297Classification297I.Simple Aorist1.Root-Aorist299Passive Aorist 3d sing3042.The a-Aorist305II.3.Reduplicated Aorist308III.Sibilant Aorist3134.The s-Aorist3145.The is-Aorist3206.The sis-Aorist3237.The sa-Aorist325Precative326Uses of the Aorist328XII.The Future-Systems330I.The s-Future331Preterit of the s-Future, Conditional334II.The Periphrastic Future335Uses of the Futures and Conditional337XIII.Verbal adjectives and Nouns: Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds340Passive Participle in ta or na340Past Active Participle in tavant344Future Passive Participles, Gerundives345Infinitives347Uses of the Infinitives351Gerunds355Adverbial Gerund in am359XIV.Derivative or Secondary Conjugation360I.Passive361II.Intensive362Present-System365Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc.370III.Desiderative372Present-System374Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc.376IV.Causative378Present-System380Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc.383V.Denominative386XV.Periphrastic and Compound Conjugation391The Periphrastic Perfect392Participial Periphrastic Phrases394Composition with Prepositional Prefixes395Other Verbal Compounds400XVI.Indeclinables403Adverbs403Prepositions414Conjunctions416Interjections417XVII.Derivation of Declinable Stems418A.Primary Derivatives420B.Secondary Derivatives454XVIII.Formation of Compound Stems480Classification480I.Copulative Compounds485II.Determinative Compounds489A.Dependent Compounds489B.Descriptive Compounds494III.Secondary Adjective Compounds501A.Possessive Compounds501B.Compounds with Governed Final Member511Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs512Anomalous Compounds514Stem-finals altered in Composition514Loose Construction with Compounds515Appendix516A.Examples of Various Sanskrit Type516B.Example of Accentuated Text518Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhu and kr520Sanskrit-Index521General-Index540
