Acoustics
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This definitive textbook provides students with a comprehensive introduction to acoustics. Beginning with the basic physical ideas, Acoustics balances the fundamentals with engineering aspects, applications and electroacoustics, also covering music, speech and the properties of human hearing. The concepts of acoustics are exposed and applied in:room acousticssound insulation in buildingsnoise controlunderwater sound and ultrasound.Scientifically thorough, but with mathematics kept to a minimum, Acoustics is the perfect introduction to acoustics for students at any level of mechanical, electrical or civil engineering courses and an accessible resource for architects, musicians or sound engineers requiring a technical understanding of acoustics and their applications.
List of symbols xiIntroduction 1What is sound? 2What is acoustics? 4Some facts on mechanical vibrations 7A few examples 7Complex notation of harmonic vibrations 11Beats 12Forced vibrations, impedance 13Resonance 14Free vibrations of a simple resonator 18Electromechanical analogies 19Power 22Fourier analysis 23Transfer function and impulse response 29A note on non-linear systems 32Acoustic variables and basic relations 34Acoustic variables 34Basic relations in acoustics 37Wave equations 42Intensity and energy density of sound waves in fluids 44The sound pressure level 47Plane waves, attenuation 48Solution of the wave equation 48Harmonic waves 51A few notes on sound velocity 54Attenuation of sound 55Non-linear effects 65Spherical wave and sound radiation 69Solution of the wave equation 69The point source 71The Doppler effect 74Directional factor and radiation resistance 76The dipole 79The linear array 81The spherical source 84Piston in a plane boundary 86Reflection and refraction 94Angles of reflection and refraction 94Sound propagation in the atmosphere 96Reflection factor and wall impedance 98Absorption coefficient 103Standing waves 104Sound absorption by walls and linings 106Diffraction and scattering 118Exact formulation of diffraction problems 120Diffraction by a rigid sphere 121Sound transmission through apertures 124Babinet's principle 132Multiple scattering, scattering from rough surfaces 134Sound transmission in pipes and horns 138Sound attenuation in pipes 138Basic relations for transmission lines 141Pipes with discontinuities in cross section 143Pipes with continuously changing cross section (horns) 150Higher order wave types 156Dispersion 162Sound in closed spaces 166Normal modes in a one-dimensional space 166Normal modes in a rectangular room with rigid walls 169Normal modes in cylindrical and spherical cavities 173Forced vibrations in a one-dimensional enclosure 174Forced vibrations in enclosures of any shape 178Free vibrations 182Statistical properties of the transfer function 185Sound waves in isotropic solids 189Sound waves in unbounded solids 189Reflection and refraction, Rayleigh wave 194Waves in plates and bars 197Music and speech 209Simple and complex tones, noise 209Pitch, intervals and scales 211General remark on the function of musical instruments 214String instruments 215Wind instruments 223The human voice 228Human hearing 233Anatomy and function of the ear 234Psychoacoustic pitch 239Hearing threshold and auditory sensation area 243Loudness level and loudness, critical frequency bands 244Auditory masking 248Measurement of loudness 249Spatial hearing 252Room acoustics 257Geometric room acoustics 258Impulse response of a room 261Diffuse sound field 264Steady-state energy density and reverberation 268Sound absorption 271On the 'acoustics' of auditoria 277Special rooms for acoustic measurements 280Building acoustics 283Characterisation and measurement of airborne sound insulation 284Airborne sound insulation of compound partitions 287Airborne sound insulation of single-leaf partitions 289Airborne sound insulation of double-leaf partitions 296Structure-borne sound insulation 301Fundamentals of noise control 309Noise criteria 310Basic mechanisms of noise generation 311Primary noise control 316Secondary noise control 320Personal hearing protection 331Underwater sound and ultrasound 333Acoustical detection and localisation of objects 333Sound propagation in sea water 335Strength of echoes 337Ambient noise, reverberation 338Transducer arrays 340General remarks on ultrasound 342Generation and detection of ultrasound 343Diagnostic applications of ultrasound 345Applications of high intensity ultrasound 349Generation of high and highest ultrasound frequencies 353Electroacoustic transducers 359Piezoelectric transducer 361Electrostatic transducer 365Dynamic transducer 368Magnetic transducer 371Magnetostrictive transducer 373The coupling factor 375Two-port equations and reciprocity relations 377Microphones 379Principles of microphones for airborne sound 379Condensor microphone 382Piezoelectric microphones 387Dynamic microphones 389Carbon microphone 391Microphone directivity 392Hydrophones 396Vibration pickups 396Microphone calibration 399Loudspeakers and other electroacoustic sound sources 403Dynamic loudspeaker 405Electrostatic or condensor loudspeaker 408Magnetic loudspeaker 410Improvement of loudspeaker efficiency 411Loudspeaker directivity 417Earphones 419Sound transmitters for water-borne sound and for ultrasound 421Electroacoustic systems 426Stereophony 427Sound recording 433Sound reinforcement systems 443Literature 451Index 453
