Approaching Literature: Writing, Reading, Thinking

PART I. APPROACHING LITERATURE1. Reading Literature: Taking Part in a ProcessSherman Alexie, Superman and MeThe Nature of ReadingActive ReadingCHECKLIST on Active ReadingJulia Alvarez, Daughter of Invention2. Writing in Response to Literature: Entering the ConversationAlice Walker, The FlowersWriting in the MarginsJournal WritingDiscussing LiteratureTIPS for Effective Journal WritingTIPS for Participating in Class DiscussionsWriting Essay Examination AnswersWriting Short PapersTIPS for Writing a Short PaperWriting Research PapersWriting Papers in Other FormatsComposing in Other Art FormsPART II. APPROACHING FICTION3. Reading Fiction: Responding to the Real World of StoriesWhat Is Fiction?Why Read Fiction?Active Reading: FictionRereading Fiction4. Plot and Characters: Watching What Happens, to WhomReading for PlotDagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A.Reading for CharactersCHECKLIST for Reading About Plot and CharacterFurther ReadingLouise Erdrich, The Red Convertible Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?Responding Through WritingWriting About Plot and CharacterJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing About Plot and CharacterWriting About Connnections"Love and the City": Realizing Relationships in Dagoberto Gilb’s Love in L.A. and Raymond Carver’s What We Talk about When We Talk about Love"My Brother’s Keeper": Supportive Siblings in Louise Erdrich’s The Red Convertible and James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues"Good Men Are Hard to Find": Encounters with Evil in Joyce Carol Oates’s Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? and Flannery O’Connor’s A Good Man Is Hard to Find Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms5. Point of View and Theme: Being Alert to Angles, Open to InsightsSandra Cisneros, The House on Mango StreetReading for NarratorReading for Point of ViewThemeCHECKLIST for Reading about Point of View and ThemeFurther ReadingAlice Walker, Everyday Use*George Saunders, The End of FIRPO in the WorldApproaching Graphic Fiction*Lynda Barry, Today’s Demon: MagicResponding Through WritingWriting About Point of View and ThemeJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Point of View and ThemeWriting About Connections"Staring Out Front Windows": Seeking Escape in Sandra Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street and James Joyce’s Araby "Can You Come Home Again?": The Difficulty of Returning in Alice Walker’s Everyday Use and Monica Ali’s Dinner with Dr. Azad "States of Mind That Matter": Approaching Death in George Saunders’s The End of FIRPO in the World and Katherine Anne Porter’s The Jilting of Granny Weatherall Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms6. Setting and Symbol: Meeting Meaning in Places and ObjectsSettingErnest Hemingway, Hills Like White ElephantsReading for SymbolsReading for AllegoryCHECKLIST for Reading about Setting and SymbolFurther ReadingTim O’Brien, The Things They Carried*Edward P. Jones, Bad Neighbors*Joe Sacco, Complacency Kills Writing About Symbol and SettingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Setting and SymbolWriting About Connections"Secrets of the Heart": Keeping Hope Alive in Ernest Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants and David Means’s The Secret Goldfish "Dying a Good Death": Struggles Over What Matters in Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried and Yiyun Li’s Persimmons "‘A Good Man Is Hard to Find’": Nature vs. Nurture in Edward P. Jones’s Bad Neighbors and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms7. Style, Tone, and Irony: Attending to Expression and Attitude Kate Chopin, The Story of an HourReading for StyleReading for ToneReading for IronyCHECKLIST on Reading about Style, Tone, and IronyFurther ReadingToni Cade Bambara, The Lesson*Katherine Min, Courting a MonkResponding Through WritingWriting About Style, Tone and IronyJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Style, Tone, and IronyWriting About Connections"Time for a Change": Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour and Jhumpa Lahiri’s A Temporary Matter "Learning Out of School": Personal Maturity in Toni Cade Bambara’s The Lesson and John Updike’s A & P "‘Gather Ye Rosebuds’": Looking for Love in Katherine Min’s Courting a Monk and William Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms8. Writing about Fiction: Applying What You’ve LearnedTopicsTIPS for Writing Compare and Contrast PapersDevelopmentTIPS for Writing Social and Cultural CriticismA Student Writer at Work: Alicia Abood on the Writing ProcessStudent Paper: Alicia Abood, "Clips of Language: The Effect of Diction in Dagoberto Gilb’s ‘Love in L.A.’"9. An Author in Depth: Sherman Alexie: Exploring One Writer’s WorldSherman Alexie, This is What It Means to Say Phoenix, ArizonaSherman Alexie, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven*Sherman Alexie, Somebody Kept Saying PowwowTomson Highway, Interview with Sherman Alexie*Ase Nygren, A World of Story-Smoke: A Conversation with Sherman AlexieJoseph L. Coulombe, The Approximate Size of His Favorite Humor: Sherman Alexie’s Comic Connections and Disconnections in The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven*Jerome Denuccio, Slow Dancing with Skeletons: Sherman Alexie’s The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven*James Cox, Muting White Noise: The Subversion of Popular Culture Narratives of Conquest in Sherman Alexie’s Fiction10. A Collection of Stories: Visiting a Variety of Vistas*Monica Ali, Dinner with Dr. AzadIsabel Allende (Chile), And of Clay Are We CreatedJames Baldwin, Sonny’s Blues*Melissa Bank, The Wonder Spot*Raymond Carver, What We Talk about When We Talk about Love*Judith Ortiz Cofer, American HistoryRalph Ellison, Battle RoyalWilliam Faulkner, A Rose for EmilyNathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman BrownZora Neale Hurston, Sweat*James Joyce, ArabyJamaica Kincaid, Girl*Jhumpa Lahiri, A Temporary Matter*Yiyun Li, Persimmons Gabriel Garc’a Marquez (Columbia), A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings*David Means, The Secret Goldfish*Ana Menendez, Her Mother’s HouseToni Morrison, Recitatif*Haruki Murakami, Birthday GirlFlannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to FindTillie Olsen, I Stand Here IroningEdgar Allen Poe, The Cask of AmontilladoKatherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny WeatherallNahid Rachlin, DeparturesSalman Rushdie (India), The Prophet’s HairLeslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds*Zadie Smith, The Girl with Bangs*John Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsAmy Tan, Two KindsJohn Updike, A & PHelena Mar’a Viramontes, The MothsPART III. APPROACHING POETRY11. Reading Poetry: Realizing the Richness in PoemsWhat Is Poetry?Why Read Poetry?Active Reading: PoetryRereading Poetry12. Words and Images: Seizing on Sense and SightDenotationRobert Hayden, Those Winter SundaysConnotationGwendolyn Brooks, The Bean EatersImagesMaxine Kumin, The Sound of NightWilliam Carlos Williams, The Red WheelbarrowCHECKLIST on Reading for Words and ImagesFurther ReadingAllison Joseph, On Being Told I Don’t Speak like a Black Person*Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a LetterJonathan Swift, A Description of the MorningGarrett Kaoru Hongo, Yellow LightRobert Frost, After Apple-PickingAnita Endrezze, The Girl Who Loved the SkyResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Words and ImagesWriting About Connections"Autumn Leaves": The Changing Seasons of Life in Robert Frost’s After Apple-Picking and Joseph Awad’s Autumnal "Seeing the City": The Contrasting Perspectives of Jonathan Swift’s A Description of the Morning and Cheryl Savageau’s Bones — A City Poem "Impermanence’s Permanence": Anita Endrezze’s The Girl Who Loved the Sky and Edmund Spenser’s One day I wrote her name upon the strand Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms13. Voice, Tone, and Sound: Hearing for How Sense Is SaidVoiceLi-young Lee, Eating AloneCharles Bukowski, my old manDramatic MonologueToneTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s WaltzIronyMarge Piercy, Barbie DollSoundSekou Sundiata, Blink Your EyesCHECKLIST on Reading for Voice, Tone, and SoundFurther ReadingWilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum EstYosef Komunyakaa, Facing ItRichard Garcia, Why I Left the Church*Billy Collins, ConsolationRobert Browning, My Last DuchessResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Voice, Tone, and SoundWriting About Connections"All the Comforts of Home": Contrasting Spirits of Adventure in Billy Collins’s Consolation and Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s Ulysses "Arms and the Man": War without Glory in Wilfred Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est and Vievee Francis’s Private Smith’s Primer "Dancing with the Dark": Movement and Memory in Theodore Roethke’s My Papa’s Waltz and Cornelius Eady’s My Mother, If She Had Won Free Dance Lessons Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms14. Form and Type: Delighting in DesignLinesGwendolyn Brooks, We Real CoolStanzasCountee Cullen, IncidentSonnetsWilliam Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me beholdClaude McKay, If we must dieGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s GrandeurHelene Johnson, Sonnet to a Negro in HarlemBlank Verse and CoupletsFree VerseLeslie Marmon Silko, Prayer to the PacificInternal FormCHECKLIST on Reading for Form and TypeFurther ReadingJames Wright, A BlessingJoy Harjo, She Had Some HorsesWilliam Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree*Robert Herrick, To DaffodilsDavid Mura, Grandfather-in-law*Elizabeth Bishop, SestinaResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Form and TypeWriting About Connections"Amazing Grace": Being Blessed from within and from without in James Wright’s A Blessing and Galway Kinnell’s Saint Francis and the Sow "‘Which thou must leave ere long’": Approaching Separation in Elizabeth Bishop’s Sestina and William Shakespeare’s That time of year thou mayst in me behold "The Solace of Solitude": Place and Peace in W. B.Yeats’s The Lake Isle of Innisfree and Lorine Niedecker’s My Life by Water Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms15. Figurative Language: Wondering What This Has to Do with ThatSimileJulie Moulds, From Wedding IvaLangston Hughes, HarlemMetaphorDennis Brutus, Nightsong: CityPersonificationAngelina Weld Grimke, A Winter TwilightMetonymy And SynecdocheEdwin Arlington Robinson, Richard CoryTwo Other Observations about FiguresWilliam Stafford, Traveling through the DarkCHECKLIST on Reading for Figurative LanguageFurther ReadingJohn Keats, To Autumn*Mary Oliver, First SnowJudith Ortiz Cofer, Cold as HeavenGeoffrey Hill, In Memory Of Jane FraserJulia Alvarez, How I Learned to SweepResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Figurative LanguageWriting About Connections"Innocence and Experience": Confrontations with Evil in Julia Alvarez’s How I Learned to Sweep and William Blake’s The Chimney Sweeper "A Joyful Melancholy": Nature and Beauty in Mary Oliver’s First Snow and William Wordsworth’s I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud "Knowing Deep the Seasons": Antitheses of Life in John Keats’s To Autumn and William Carlos Williams’s Spring and All Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms16. Rhythm and Meter: Feeling the Beat, the Flux, and the FlowRhythme. e. cummings, Buffalo Bill’s MeterPaul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the MaskCHECKLIST on Reading for Rhythm and MeterFurther ReadingLucille Clifton, at the cemetery, walnut grove plantation, south carolina, 1989Lorna Dee Cervantes, Freeway 280Robert Frost, The Road Not TakenNaomi Shihab Nye, The Small Vases From HebronA. K. Ramanujan, Self-portraitEmily Dickinson, I’m Nobody! Who are you?Sylvia Plath, MetaphorsGeorgia Douglas Johnson, WishesResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Rhythm and MeterWriting About Connections"Grief beyond Grief": Dealing with Death in Ben Jonson’s On My First Son and Michael S. Harper’s Nightmare Begins Responsibility "Remembering the Unremembered": The Language of Preservation in Lucille Clifton’s at the cemetery, walnut grove plantation, south carolina, 1989 and Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard "On the Road Again": The Search for Self in Lorna Dee Cervante’s Freeway 280 and Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s UlyssesWriting Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms17. Writing about Poetry: Applying What You’ve LearnedTopicsDevelopmentA Student Writer at Work: Dan Carter on the Writing ProcessStudent Paper: Dan Carter, ÒA Slant on the Standard Love SonnetÓ18. A Theme in Depth: Explicating the Everyday*Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes*Laure-Anne Bosselaar, Bench in Aix-en-Provence*Lucille Clifton, Cutting Greens*Billy Collins, Days*Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzzRita Dove, The Satisfaction Coal CompanyRobert Frost, Mending Wall*Christopher Gilbert, Touching*Ben Jonson, Inviting a Friend to Supper*Ted Kooser, Applesauce*Li-Young Lee, Braiding*Denise Levertov, The Acolyte*Pablo Neruda (Chile), Ode to French FiresNaomi Shihab Nye, The Small Vases from HebronSimon Ortiz, Speaking*Jack Ridl, Love Poem*Len Roberts, At the Train Tracks*William Stafford, Notice What This Poem Is Not Doing*Mary Tallmountain, Peeling Pippins*Nancy Willard, The Potato Picker*William Carlos Williams, The Is Just to Say*William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud*Jeff Gundy, A Review of Delights and Shadows by Ted Kooser*Sarah Jensen, A Review of Broken Symmetry by Jack Ridl*William Stafford, The Importance of the Trivial*Louis Simpson, from Important and Unimportant Poems*Bill Moyers, An Interview with Naomi Shihab Nye*Ted Kooser, Out of the Ordinary*Paul Lake, The Malady of the Quotidian*Donna A. Rohrer, William Carlos Williams’s Poetics: Turning the Ordinary into the Beautiful19. A Collection of Poems: Valuing a Variety of VoicesAi, Why Can’t I Leave You?Agha Shahid Ali, I Dream It Is Afternoon When I Return To DelhiAnonymous, Sir Patrick Spens*Margaret Atwood, True StoriesW. H. Auden, MusŽe Des Beaux ArtsJoseph Awad, AutumnalJimmy Santiago Baca, Family TiesJim Barnes, Return To La Plata, MissouriGerald Barrax, DaraElizabeth Bishop, In the Waiting RoomWilliam Blake, The Chimney SweeperPeter Blue Cloud, RattleEavan Boland, The PomegranateAnne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving HusbandSterling Brown, Riverbank BluesElizabeth Barrett Browning, How do I love thee? Let me count the ways*Anthony Butts, Ferris Wheel*Ana Castillo, I Heard the Cries of Two Hundred ChildrenSandra Castillo, ExileRosemary Catacalos, David Talam‡ntez on the Last Day of Second Grade*Tina Chang, Origin & AshMarilyn Chin, Turtle SoupSamuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla KhanJayne Cortez, Into This TimeVictor Hernandez Cruz, Problems with Hurricanese. e. cummings, in Just — Keki N. Daruwalla, PestilenceToi Derricotte, A Note on My Son’s FaceEmily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for deathEmily Dickinson, Much Madness is divinest SenseAna Doina, The Extinct Homeland — A Conversation with Czeslaw Milosz*John Donne, Death, be not proudMark Doty, TiaraCornelius Eady, My Mother, If She Had Won Free Dance LessonsT. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockLouise Erdrich, A Love MedicineMart’n Espada, The Saint Vincent de Paul Food Pantry StompSandra Mar’a Esteves, A la Mujer Borrinque–aCarolyn Forche, The Colonel*Vievee Francis, Private Smith’s PrimerAllen Ginsburg, A Supermarket in CaliforniaNikki Giovanni, Nikka-RosaRay Gonzalez, Praise the Tortilla, Praise the Menudo, Praise the ChorizoThomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardKimiko Hahn, Mother’s Mother*Donald Hall, The Names of HorsesMichael S. Harper, Nightmare Begins ResponsibilitySamuel Hazo, For Fawzi in JerusalemSeamus Heaney, DiggingGeorge Herbert, The PulleyDavid Hernandez, The Butterfly EffectRobert Herrick, To the Virgins to Make Much of TimeLinda Hogan, The History Of RedA. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young*Langston Hughes, Theme for English BLawson Fusao Inada, Plucking Out a Rhythm*Honoree Fanonne Jeffers, Outlandish Blues (The Movie)Ben Jonson, On My First Son *A. Van Jordan, FromJohn Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn*Jane Kenyon, From Room to RoomGalway Kinnell, Saint Francis and the SowEtheridge Knight, Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane*Stanley Kunitz, Father and Son*Gerry La Femina, The Sound a Body MakesLi-young Lee, Visions and InterpretationsPhilip Levine, What Work Is*Timothy Liu, The GardenAudre Lorde, Hanging FireRichard Lovelace, To Lucasta, Going to the WarsRobert Lowell, Skunk Hour*Medbh McGuckian, On Ballycastle BeachHeather McHugh, What He ThoughtClaude McKay, AmericaChristopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveAndrew Marvell, To His Coy MistressOrlando Ricardo Menes, Letter to Mirta Y‡–ezJohn Milton, When I consider how my light is spentJanice Mirikitani, For a Daughter Who LeavesMarianne Moore, PoetryRobert Morgan, Mountain Bride*Thylias Moss, The LynchingDuane Niatum, First Spring*Lorine Niedecker, My Life by WaterDwight Okita, In Response to Executive Order 9066*William Olsen, The Fold-Out Atlas of the Human Body: A Three-Dimensional Book for Readers of All AgesMichael Ondaatje, BiographyRicadro Pau-llosa, Years of ExileGustavo Perez Firmat, Jose Conseco Breaks Our Hearts Again*Lucy Perillo, Air Guitar*Carl Phillips, To the Tune of a Small, Repeatable, and Passing KindnessWang Ping, Opening the FaceRobert Pinsky, ShirtSylvia Plath, DaddySir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the ShepherdDudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham*Mary Ruefle, Naked LadiesAdrienne Rich, Diving into the WreckAlberto R’os, NaniWendy Rose, Loo-witSonia Sanchez, An Anthem Cheryl Savageau, Bones — A City PoemVijay Seshadri, The Refugee*William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias*Charles Simic, Classic Ballroom DancesCathy Song, Girl Powdering Her NeckGary Soto, The Elements of San JoaquinEdmund Spenser, One day I wrote her name upon the strandWallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice Cream*Mark Strand, Eating Poetry*Virgil Su‡rez, Tea Leaves, Caracoles, Coffee BeansAlfred, Lord Tennyson, UlyssesDylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good nightJean Toomer, FaceQuincy Troupe, Poem for the Root Doctor of Rock ’n’ RollGerald Vizenor, Shaman BreaksDerek Walcott, Sea GrapesJames Welch, Christmas Comes to Moccasin Flat*Patricia Jabbeh Wesley, Becoming EbonyRoberta Hill Whiteman, The White LandWalt Whitman, From Song of MyselfRichard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This WorldWilliam Carlos Williams, Spring and AllNellie Wong, Grandmother’s Song*William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a CloudSir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from meJohn Yau, Chinese VillanelleWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second ComingAl Young, A Dance for Ma RainyRay A. Young Bear, Green Threatening CloudsReading Poems in TranslationPoems in TranslationAnna Akhmatova (Russia), Song of the Last MeetingYehuda Amichai (Israel), WildpeaceReza Baraheni (Iran), Autumn in Tehran Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), The Other Tiger Julia De Burgos (Puerto Rico), ReturningBei Dao (China), Night: Theme and VariationsFaiz Ahmed Faiz (Pakistan), A Prison Daybreak Nazim Hikmet (Turkey), Letters from a Man in SolitaryMiroslav Holub (Czech Republic), Elementary School Field Trip to the Dinosaur ExhibitTaslima Nasrin (Bangladesh), Things Cheaply HadPablo Neruda (Chile), The Dead WomanOctavio Paz (Mexico), The StreetDahlia Ravikovitch (Israel), Clockwork DollMasaoka Siki (Japan), HaikuWislawa Szymborska (Poland), On Death, without ExaggerationXu Gang (China), Red Azalea on the CliffPART IV. APPROACHING DRAMA20. Reading Drama: Participating in a Playful PretenceWhat Is Drama?Why Read Drama?Active Reading: Drama Rereading Drama21. Character, Conflict, and Dramatic Action: Thinking about Who Does What to Whom and Why*Kelly Stuart, The New NewCharacterDialogueConflictDramatic ActionCHECKLIST for Reading about Character, Conflict, and Dramatic ActionFurther Reading*Cusi Cram, West of StupidResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Character, Conflict, and Dramatic ActionWriting About Connections"Souls for Sale": The Cost of Devaluing Values in Kelly Stuart’s The New New and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman "Death Draws Near": The Imminence of Mortality in Cusi Cram’s West of Stupid and David Henry Hwang’s As the Crow Flies"Spinning Out of Control": The Search for Meaning in John Guare’s Woman at a Threshold, Beckoning and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms22. Setting and Structure: Examining Where, When, and How It HappensSettingSusan Glaspell, TriflesStructureCHECKLIST for Reading about Setting and StructureFurther ReadingDavid Ives, Sure ThingResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Setting and Structure Writing About Connections"By a Higher Standard": The Conflict of Law and Justice in Susan Glaspell’s Trifles and Sophocles’s Antigone "Living on a smile and a handshake": Seling Yourself in David Ive’s Sure Thing and Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman"Serving Time in Invisible Prisons": Social Entrapments in Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House and August Wilson’s Fences Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms23. Theaters and Their Influence: Imagining the Impact of Stage and SpaceThe Greek Theater The Elizabethan TheaterThe Modern TheaterThe Contemporary Theater CHECKLIST for Reading about Theaters and Their InfluenceFurther ReadingDavid Henry Hwang, As the Crow FliesResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Theaters and Their InfluenceWriting About Connections"I Gotta Be Me": Identity and Inter-relationships in John Leguizamo’s Mambo Mouth: A Savage Comedy and David Ive’s Sure Thing"Dogs Eating Dogs": The Dramatic Depiction of Racial Oppression in John Leguizamo’s Mambo Mouth: A Savage Comedy and Suzan-Lori Park’s Topdog/Underdog"Fathers and Sons": Familial Conflict in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and August Wilson’s Fences Writing Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms24. Dramatic Types and Their Effects: Getting into GenresTragedyComedyThree Other Dramatic TypesCHECKLIST on Reading about Dramatic Types and Their EffectsFurther ReadingJohn Leguizamo, From Mambo Mouth: A Savage ComedyResponding Through WritingJournal EntriesLiterary Analysis PapersComparison-Contrast PapersTIPS on Writing about Dramatic Types and Their EffectsWriting About Connections"The Haunted Heart": The Presence and Significance of Ghosts in David Henry Hwang’s As the Crow Flies and William Shakespeare’s Hamlet"A House Divided": Tyranny vs. Freedom in a Tragedy — Sophocle’s Antigone — and a Problem Play — Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House"Everyone Loses": The Games People Play in Suzan-Lori Parks’s Topdog/Underdog and Arthur Miller’s Death of a SalesmanWriting Research PapersComposing in Other Art Forms25. Writing about Drama: Applying What You’ve LearnedTopicsDevelopmentA Student Writer at Work: Julian Hinson on the Writing ProcessStudent Paper: Julian Hinson, ÒWhen the New is Old in The New NewÓ26. A Form in Depth: August Wilson’s Fences: Wrestling with One Writer’s Work August Wilson, Fences*Reviews and Photos of Fences*Lloyd Richards, Fences: Introduction*Clive Barnes, Fiery Fences [a Review**Frank Rich, Family Ties in Wilson’s Fences*Bonnie Lyons, An Interview with August Wilson*Miles Marshall Lewis, Miles Marshall Lewis Talks with August Wilson*Missy Dehn Kubitschek, August Wilson’s Gender Lesson*Harry J. Elam, Jr., August Wilson*Suson Koprince, Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilson’s Fences27. A Collection of Plays: Viewing from a Variety of Vantage Points*Sophocles, Antigone*William Shakespeare, HamletHenrik Ibsen, A Doll HouseArthur Miller, Death of a Salesman*Suzan-Lori Parks, Topdog/Underdog*John Guare, Woman at a Threshold, BeckoningResponding Through WritingPapers Using No Outside SourcesPapers Using Limited Outside SourcesPapers Involving Further ResearchPART V. APPROACHING LITERARY RESEARCH28. Reading Critical Essays: Listening to the Larger ConversationWhat Are Critical Essays?Why Read Critical Essays?Active Reading: Critical Essays Sample EssaySusan Farrell, "Fight vs. Flight: A Re-evaluation of Dee in Alice Walker’s ‘Everyday Use’"Rereading Critical Essays29. Writing a Literary Research Paper: Incorporating the Larger ConversationTopicsTypes of Research and SourcesConducting Research on Contemporary LiteratureFinding Sources and Creating a Working BibliographyResearch on Contemporary LiteratureEvaluating SourcesTaking NotesDeveloping Your Paper and ThesisIncorporating SourcesAvoiding PlagiarismDocumention Sources: MLA StylePreparing a Works Cited PageA Student Writer at Work: Kristina Martinez on the Research ProcessStudent Paper: Kristina Martinez, "The Structure of Story in Toni Morrison’s ‘Recitatif’"Biographical SketchesAppendix on ScansionApproaching Critical Theory Glossary of Literary TermsIndex of Authors and Titles * new to this edition