Basic Process Measurements
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A unique resource for process measurement Basic Process Measurements provides a unique resource explaining the industrial measuring devices that gauge such key variables as temperature, pressure, density, level, and flow. With an emphasis on the most commonly installed technologies, this guide outlines both the process variable being measured as well as how the relevant measuring instruments function. The benefits of each technology are considered in turn, along with their potential problems. Looking at both new and existing technologies, the book maintains a practical focus on properly selecting and deploying the best technology for a given process application. The coverage in Basic Process Measurements enables the practitioner to: Resolve problems with currently installed devices Upgrade currently installed devices to newer and better technologies Add instruments for process variables not previously measurable Evaluate device installations from a perspective of both normal process operating conditions and abnormal conditions Determine the best technology for a given set of process conditions Designed for a wide range of technical professionals, Basic Process Measurements provides a balanced treatment of the concepts, background information, and specific processes and technologies making up this critical aspect of process improvement and control.
Preface vii1 Basic Concepts 11.1 Continuous vs. Discrete Measurement 21.2 Continuous vs. Sampled Measurement 81.3 In-Line, On-Line, and Off-Line 81.4 Signals and Resolution 121.5 Zero, Span, and Range 171.6 Turndown Ratio and Rangeability 221.7 Accuracy 241.8 Repeatability 271.9 Measurement Uncertainty 311.10 Measurement Decision Risk 361.11 Calibration 451.12 Measurement Device Components 481.13 Current Loop 501.14 Power Supply and Wiring 551.15 Serial Communications 561.16 Smart Transmitters 601.17 Environmental Issues 641.18 Explosive Atmospheres 681.19 Measurement Device Dynamics 751.20 Filtering and Smoothing 822 Temperature 882.1 Heat and Temperature 882.2 Temperature Scales 902.3 Thermowells 942.4 Bimetallic Thermometers 1042.5 Thermocouples 1062.6 Resistance Temperature Detectors 1212.7 Thermistors 1332.8 Temperature Transmitters 1372.9 Pyrometers 1422.10 Others 1533 Pressure 1583.1 Force and Pressure 1593.2 Measures of Pressure 1623.3 Pressure-Sensing Elements 1673.4 Indicators and Switches 1703.5 Pressure Sensor 1713.6 Strain Gauge Pressure Sensors 1733.7 Capacitance Pressure Sensors 1763.8 Resonant Frequency 1803.9 Installation 1823.10 Differential Pressure 1874 Level and Density 1964.1 Level, Volume, and Weight 1974.2 Pressure Transmitter 2024.3 Differential Pressure Transmitter 2104.4 Capacitance and Radio Frequency 2164.5 Ultrasonic 2234.6 Noncontact Radar 2274.7 Guided Wave Radar 2334.8 Nuclear 2364.9 A Few Others 2404.10 Level Switches 2444.11 Interface 2494.12 Density 2555 Flow 2605.1 Mass Flow,Volumetric Flow, and Velocity 2615.2 Static Pressure and Fluid Velocity 2645.3 Flashing and Cavitation 2675.4 Fluid Dynamics 2705.5 Flow Meter Application Data 2765.6 Orifice Meter 2795.7 Head Meters 2855.8 Coriolis Meters 2915.9 Magnetic Flow Meter 3045.10 Vortex-Shedding Meter 3095.11 Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flow Meter 3125.12 Doppler Ultrasonic Flow Meter 3185.13 Thermal Flow Meters 3245.14 Turbine Meter 3305.15 Other Flow Meters 3345.16 Flow Switches 337Index 341
