Pt. IDivorce1Between church and nation : posing, abdicating, and retracting priests132National ideas and their failure : festival celebration under the directory473Religious and secular extremes at the beginning of the nineteenth century : Chateaubriand and Destutt de Tracy69Pt. IIDefense4Piety against politics : pilgrimage to Chartres during the nineteenth century955Local languages for the defense of religion : Alsace and the Roussillon121Pt. IIIDetente6The limits of personal reconciliation : priests and instituteurs in World War I1557Reconciliation of cultures in the third republic : the work of Emile Male179Epilogue : between the wars, Vichy, and the new republics209AppThe "nation" conundrum221