Civil and Uncivil Violence in Lebanon: A History of the Internationalization of Communal Conflict
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Khalaf analyzes the history of civil strife and political violence in his native Lebanon and reveals what he views as the inherent contradictions that have plagued that country, particularly its vulnerability to inter-Arab and superpower rivalries. He asks: How can a fairly peaceful and resourceful society, with an impressive history of viable pluralism, coexistence, and republicanism, become the site of so much barbarism and incivility?
I.ON PROXY WARS AND SURROGATE VICTIMSLebanon as an Ugly Metaphor!The Inside-Outside DialecticsII.THE RADICALIZATION OF COMMUNAL LOYALTIESThe Resilience of CommunalismSocial Strife and Communal ViolenceIII.THE DRIFT INTO INCIVILITYGlobalism and Uncivil WarsThe Pathologies of Protracted ViolenceThe Sanctification of CrueltyIV.PEASANTS, COMMONERS AND CLERICS: Resistance and Rebellion: 1820-1860Feudal Society of Mount LebanonNew Forms of Collective ProtestThe Uprising of 1820The Uprising of 1840The Uprising of 1857-60InferencesV.REVOLT AND COUNTER-REVOLT: Civil Strife of 1958Drift into InsurgencyEmbattled Groups and RegionsBeirutTripoliThe ChufSidonKataeb's Counter RevolutionInferencesVI.LEBANON'S GOLDEN/GILDED AGE: 1943-1975Lebanon As a "Success Story"Economic PerformanceSocial MobilizationIntellectual and Cultural AwakeningLebanon As A "Playground"VII.FROM PLAYGROUND TO BATTLEGROUND: Preludes to Civil StrifeRadicalization of Discontent and FearOutbreak of Violence: Early RoundsVIII.THE SCARES AND SCARS OF WARThe Domestication of ViolenceMultiple and Shifting Targets of HostilityThe Reterritorialization of IdentitiesThe Spaces of WarA War SystemThe Magnitude of Trauma and StressPost-war BarbarismRetribalizationFamilismCommunalismConfessionalismXI.FROM SHAKIB EFFENDI TO TA'IFThe Partition Scheme of 1843The Règlement Organique of 1861The State of Greater Lebanon, 1920The National Covenant of 1943The Ta'if Accord of 1990X.PROSPECTS FORCIVILITYMemory, Space and IdentityThe Cultures of Disappearance and ResistanceThe Social Technologies of PacificationProspects for the Restoration of Civility
