Community Organizing and Development
Community Organizing and Development\ Fourth Edition\ Herbert J. Rubin, Northern Illinois University • Irene S. Rubin, Northern Illinois University\ Overview\ This totally revised edition of Community Organizing and Development more fully examines the broad and ever-changing political and social settings that influence collective actions. In doing so, it describes the infra-structure of social change -- the knowledge, personnel, and organizations -- that enable change to be successfully...
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This revised edition of a well-known and widely used text in community organizing and development fully examines the broad and changing political and social settings that influence actions; while portraying the infra-structure of social change — the knowledge, personnel, and organizations — that enable such work to be successfully accomplished. The text brings together the practicalities of organizing and development — fund raising, working out news releases, running an organization, orchestrating political actions, academic knowledge — and explains why various approaches work; as well as the values and ideologies that guide what is to be done. It provides the foundations of organizing and development work and then describes how activists — through following either a social confrontation model or an economic and social production approach — can respond to economic and social problems.
Preface xProgressive Organizing 1Organizing and Development for Progressive Social Change 3Progressive Organizing 5Accomplishing Social Change Through Organizing and Development Efforts 5Why People Must Organize 6Shared Characteristics of a Variety of Approaches to Progressive Organizing 11Conclusions 17A World of Action: A World of Hope 19An Activist's Tour of the World of Social Change: Activities and Accomplishments 19Grasping What Has Been Seen: Building toward an Infrastructure for Social Change 26An Infrastructure for Collective Action and Social Change 27Conclusion 32Models for Implementing Progressive Social Change: Commonalities, Differences, and Reconciliations 33Grouping Social Change Actions by Goals and Purposes 33Families of Empowerment Tactics 36Categorizing the Variety of Social Change Models 36Tensions between Advocates of Separate Organizing Models 55Conclusions 58The Three Pillars of Progressive Organizing 59Empowering Individuals 61The Battle for Personal Empowerment 62Combating Personal Disempowerment 70Conclusion 74Building Community to Create Capacity for Change 75The Variety of Community Bonds 75Building and Strengthening Communities: The Path from Social Bonds to Social Action 77Conclusion: Community Building for Collective Empowerment 89Empowering through Building Progressive Organizations 91How Progressive Organizations Structurally Compare with Their Mainstream Cousins 91How Social Change Organizations Empower and Build Capacity 96Tensions That Occur in Building Empowered Organizations 99Conclusion 105Problems, Programs, and Precedents 107Social Problems and Public Policy 109Understanding Social Problems as Contested Framings 109Social Problems: Structural or Personal? 111Problems and Agency 112Social Problems, Public Policies, and Organizing 113Clusters of Problems 117Conclusions and Implications for Organizing Work 127Intersecting Histories: Community Organizing, Issue Mobilization, and Social Movements 129A Brief Overview of the History of Social Activism and the Neighborhood Movement 130Lessons from the History of Organizing for Social Change 140Conclusions 144Learning about Personal, Community, and Social Needs through Action Research 145Social Implications of Action Research 146Undertaking Social Action Research 148The Overall Flow of a Research Project 149Data-Gathering Techniques 152Data Analysis and Presentation 165Conclusion 167Building Capacity to Initiate Collective Action 169Activists, Organizers, and Social Change Professionals 171A Variety of Social Change Professionals 172Why and How Do a Variety of People Become Activists and Organizers? 173The Tasks of Organizers and Social Change Professionals 177Learning to Be a Social Change Professional 186Social Change Work as a Career 189Conclusion: Social Change Work as Both a Calling and a Profession 191Creating Capacity through Effective Organizational Administration 192Defining the Mission 192Structuring the Organization 193Personnel 195Personnel Management 198Fund-Raising 199Professional Fiscal Practices 209Organizational Planning 211Conclusion 212Expanding Capacity through Empowering, Participatory Meetings 213Encouraging Involvement in Meetings by Creating a Flavor of Success 213Meetings with Large-Scale Involvement 218Instructional Meetings and Sessions 220Focused Decision-Making Meetings 222Interorganizational Committee Meetings 229Conclusion 229Building Capacity by Working with the Support Sector 231A Wide Array of Support Organizations and Support Networks 231Capacity Building through Working with Support Organizations 237Conclusion 248Compelling Change through Social Mobilization 249An Overview to Social Mobilization Campaigns 251Power and Social Mobilization Campaigns 253Understanding the Environment in Which Social Mobilization Campaigns Occur 264Keeping Up Morale over the Long Run 264Reflect upon Progressive Values during Social Mobilization Campaigns 265Conclusions: Strategic Planning and Action Campaigns 268Mobilizing Individuals and Groups 270Understanding Mobilization 270Mobilization Tactics and Processes 277Mobilization in a Multicultural Society 288Conclusion 290Influencing the Public Sector: Civic and Administrative Engagement 291Understanding Governmental Structures and Policy Making 291Tactics for Civil and Regulatory Engagement 299Constraints on Political Participation 315Conclusion 316Compelling Change through Power Tactics 317Shared Characteristics of Power and Confrontational Approaches to Social Change 320Applying Power Tactics 326Conclusions and Concerns about Confrontational Actions 346Tools for Strengthening Social Mobilization Campaigns: Lawyers and Litigation, Publicity and the Mass Media, Negotiations 348Lawyers and Litigation 348Obtaining Publicity 351Negotiations 359Conclusion 365Social Action: Magnifying Power through Coalitions 367The Variety of Coalitions 368Advantages of Being within a Coalition 370Establishing and Maintaining Coalitions 373Campaigns Orchestrated by Support Coalition Organizations 376Conclusion 382Implementing Change through the Community Economic Development and Social Production Approach 385An Introduction to the Community Economic and Social Production Model 387Guiding Principles for Community Economic and Social Production Work 389Organizational Forms and Community Economic and Social Production Work 392Illustrations of Community Economic and Social Production Work 394Advocates for Progressive Programs that Expand Economic and Social Capacity 394Concerns Raised by Community Economic and Social Production Work 404Conclusion and Summary 408Skills for Accomplishing Economic and Social Production Work 409Planning 409Financing Projects and Services 414Project Implementation: Development 419Project Implementation: Management and Administration 426Evaluation and Monitoring of Economic and Social Production Work 429Conclusion 432Epilogue: Working toward a Progressive Society 433Reflection and Organizing 433Tensions and Reconciliations 434Where Do We Go from Here? 440Bibliography 444Index 464
