Construction Dewatering and Groundwater Control: New Methods and Applications

Preface to the Third Edition     xiiiAbout the Authors     xvAcknowledgements     xviiTheory     1Groundwater in Construction     3Groundwater in the Hydrologic Cycle     3Origins of Dewatering     6Development of Modern Dewatering Technology     6The Geology of Soils     10Geologic Time Frame     11Formation of Soils     11Mineral Composition of Soils     11Rivers     12Lakes     12Estuaries     14Beaches     14Wind Deposits     14Glaciers-The Pleistocene Epoch     14Rock     16Limestone and Coral     17Tectonic Movements     19Man-made Ground     19Soils and Water     22Soil Structure     22Gradation of Soils     22Porosity, Void Ratio, and Water Content     26Relative Density, Specific Gravity, and Unit Weight     26Capillarity and Unsaturated Flow     27Specific Yield and Specific Retention     27Hydraulic Conductivity     29Plasticity and Cohesion of Silts and Clays     35Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM D-2487)     35Soil Descriptions     39Visual and Manual Classification of Soils     40Seepage Forces and Soil Stress     42Gravity Drainage of Granular Soils     43Drainage of Fine-grained Soils: Pore Pressure Control     44Settlement as a Result of Dewatering     46Preconsolidation     48Other Side Effects of Dewatering     50Hydrology of the Ideal Aquifer     52Definition of the Ideal Aquifer     52Transmissivity T     53Storage Coefficient C[subscript s] and Specific Yield     53Pumping from a Confined Aquifer     55Recovery Calculations     56The Unconfined or Water Table Aquiter     57Specific Capacity     58Characteristics of Natural Aquifers     61Anisotropy: Stratified Soils     61Horizontal Variability     64Recharge Boundaries: Radius of Influence R[subscript 0]     64Barrier Boundaries     65Delayed Release from Storage     65Dewatering Design Using Analytical Methods     66Radial Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer     66Radial Flow to a Well in a Water Table Aquifer     68Radial Flow to a Well in a Mixed Aquifer     69Flow to a Drainage Trench from a Line Source     69The System as a Well: Equivalent Radius r[subscript s]     70Radius of Influence R[subscript 0]     71Hydraulic Conductivity K and Transmissivity T     71Initial Head H and Final Head h     72Partial Penetration     72Storage Depletion     73Specific Capacity of the Aquifer     75Cumulative Drawdown or Superposition     76Capacity of the Well Q[subscript w]     77Flow Net Analysis and the Method of Fragments     79Concentric Dewatering Systems     80Vertical Flow     81Gravel Tremie     82Groundwater Modeling Using Numerical Methods     84Models in Dewatering Practice     84When to Consider a Numerical Model     87Principal Steps in Model Design and Application     90The Conceptual Model: Defining the Problem to Be Modeled     90Selecting the Program     91Introduction to MODFLOW     91Verification      94Calibration     94Prediction and Parametric Analyses     95Some Practical Modeling Problems     952-D Model: Well System in a Water Table Aquifer     95Calibrating the Model     973-D Model: Partial Penetration     983-D Model: Vertical Flow     1013-D Model: Transient Analysis of a Progressive Trench Excavation     102Piezometers for Groundwater Measurement and Monitoring     111Subsurface Conditions     111Ordinary Piezometers and True Piezometers     111Piezometer Construction     113Verification of Piezometer Performance     115Obtaining Data from Piezometers     115Pore Pressure Piezometers in Fine-grained Soils     117Direct Push Technologies for Piezometer Installation     118Pumping Tests     121When a Pumping Test Is Advisable     121Planning the Pumping Test     122Design of the Pumping Well     122Piezometer Array     125Duration of Drawdown and Recovery     126Pumping Rate     128Monitoring the Pumping Test     128Analysis of Pumping Test Data     129Tidal Corrections     132Well Loss     134Step Drawdown Tests     136Testing of Low-yield Wells     137Delayed Storage Release: Boulton Analysis     138Surface Hydrology     141Lakes and Reservoirs     141Bays and Ocean Beaches     141Rivers     141Precipitation     144Disposal of Dewatering Discharge     145Water from Existing Structures     150Geotechnical Investigation for Dewatering     152Investigation Approach and Objectives     152Preliminary Studies and Investigations     153Borings     154In Situ Test Methods     164Piezometers and Observation Wells     167Borehole Seepage Tests for Evaluation of Hydraulic Conductivity     169Laboratory Analysis of Samples     178Chemical Testing of Groundwater     180Geophysical Methods     180Pumping Tests     181Permanent Effect of Structures on the Groundwater Body     181Investigation of the Potential Side Effects of Dewatering     182Presentation in the Bidding Documents     183Pump Theory      185Types of Pumps Used in Dewatering     185Total Dynamic Head     189Pump Performance Curves     189Vacuum Pumps     190Air Lift Pumping     192Testing of Pumps     193Groundwater Chemistry, Bacteriology, and Fouling of Dewatering Systems     195Types of Corrosion     195Corrosive Groundwater Conditions     196Dewatering in Corrosive Groundwater Conditions     198Incrustation     198Mineral Incrustation     199Biological Incrustation     200Dewatering Systems and Incrustation     205Field Evaluation of Well Fouling     208Rehabilitation and Maintenance     209Analysis of Groundwater     215Contaminated Groundwater     222Contaminants Frequently Encountered     222Design Options at a Contaminated Site     223Estimating Water Quantity to Be Treated     225Other Considerations in Treatment Design     225Elements of Groundwater Treatment     226Recovery of Contaminated Water with Dewatering Techniques     229Dynamic Barriers     232Wellpoint Systems and Multiphase Contaminants     232Reinjection     233Health and Safety     234Regulating Authorities     234Piping Systems     238Dewatering Pipe and Fittings     238Losses in Discharge Piping     241Losses in Wellpoint Header Lines     241Losses in Ejector Headers     243Water Hammer     243Practice     245Choosing a Method of Groundwater Control     247To Pump or Not to Pump     247Open Pumping Versus Predrainage     247Methods of Predrainage     250Methods of Cutoff and Exclusion     253Methods in Combination     253Sumps, Drains, and Open Pumping     259Soil and Water Conditions     259Boils and Blows     259Construction of Sumps     260Ditches and Drains     261Gravel Bedding     261Slope Stabilization with Sandbags, Gravel, and Geotextiles     262Use of Geotextiles     262Soldier Piles and Lagging: Standup Time     263Longterm Effect of Buried Drains     264Leaking Utilities     264Battered Wellpoints      265Horizontal Wellpoints     265Deep Well Systems     267Testing During Well Construction     267Well Installation and Construction Methods     267Wellscreen and Casing     279Filter Packs     285Development of Wells     291Well Construction Details     295Pressure Relief Wells, Vacuum Wells     300Wells That Pump Sand     300Systems of Low-capacity Wells     304Wellpoint Systems     307Suction Lifts     307Single and Multistage Systems     310Wellpoint Design     310Wellpoint Spacing     313Wellpoint Depth     315Installation of Wellpoints     318Filter Sands     320Wellpoint Pumps, Header, and Discharge Piping     321Tuning Wellpoint Systems     323Air/Water Separation     326Automatic Mops     326Vertical Wellpoint Pumps     326Wellpoints for Stabilization of Fine-grained Soils     329Wellpoint Systems for Trench Work     331Ejector Systems and Other Methods     336Two-pipe and Single-pipe Ejectors     336Ejector Pumping Stations     338Ejector Efficiency     339Design of Nozzles and Venturis     340Ejector Risers and Swings     344Ejector Headers     344Ejector Installation     345Ejectors and Groundwater Quality     345Ejectors and Soil Stabilization     349Drilled Horizontal Wells     349Trencher Drains     355Groundwater Cutoff Structures     358Cutoff Terminology and Efficiency     358Steel Sheet Piling     358Slurry Trenches     367Slurry Diaphragm Walls     379Secant Piles     390Deep Soil Mixing     398Tremie Seals     405Grouting Methods     410Permeation Grouting     410Jet Grouting     439Rock Curtain Grouting     456Grouting of Structures and Flowpaths     474Dewatering and Groundwater Control for Soft Ground Tunneling     491Soft Ground Tunneling Methods with Conventional Dewatering     491Ground Behavior     495Mixed-face Ground Conditions     497Dewatering Design for Tunnels     497Methods of Tunnel Predrainage     499Tunneling Techniques with Built-in Groundwater Control     500Compressed Air Tunneling     504Dewatering of Access Shafts, Penetrations, and Starter Tunnels     505Ground Freezing     508General Principles     508Freezing Applications     509Freezing Methods and Equipment     515Ground Freezing and Soils     528Design     533Effect of Groundwater Movement     534Ground Movement Potential as a Result of Artificial Freezing     534Artificial Recharge     539Recharge Applications     539Design Objectives     540Potential Problems with Recharge Water and Plugging of Wells     541Sources of Recharge Water     543Treatment of Recharge Water     544Construction of Recharge Systems     545Operation and Maintenance of Recharge Systems     550Permits for Recharge Operations     550Electrical Design for Dewatering Systems     556Electrical Motors     556Motor Controls     561Power Factor     564Electric Generators      564Switchgear and Distribution Systems     566Grounding of Electrical Circuits     570Cost of Electrical Energy     570Long-term Dewatering Systems     572Types of Long-term Systems     572Access for Maintenance     572Instrumentation and Controls     575Dewatering Costs     577Format of the Estimate     577Basic Cost Data     577Mobilization     578Installation and Removal     578Operation and Maintenance     579Summary     581Specialty Dewatering Subcontractor Quotations     581Dewatering Specifications, Allocation of Risk, Dispute Avoidance, and Resolution of Disputes     584Performance Specifications     585Owner-designed Dewatering Systems     586Specified Minimum Systems     586Dewatering Submittals     586Third-party Damage Caused by Dewatering     587Differing Site Conditions     588Disputes Review Board     595Appendix A     597Appendix B     603Appendix C     620Index     623

\ From the Publisher"Following an introduction to the origins and developments of dewatering technology, they offer chapters discussing, among other topics, the geology of soils; hydrology of the ideal aquifer; characteristics of natural aquifers; groundwater modeling, measurement, and monitoring; pumping tests; pump theory; groundwater chemistry, bacteriology; contaminated groundwater; and piping systems." (Book News, February 2008)\ \