1. Darwin's Metaphor and his Russian Audience2. Malthus, Darwin and Russian Social Thought3. Beketov, Botany and the Harmony of Nature4. Korzhinskii, the Steppe and the Theory of Heterogenesis5. Mechnikov, Darwinism and the Phagocytic Theory6. Kessler and Russia's Mutual Aid Tradition7. Kropotkin's Theory of Mutual Aid8. Severtsov, Timiriazev and the Classical Tradition