Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader

Part One Understanding Argument 1. Understanding the Structure of Argument The Nature of Argument *X-Ray Tests Both Security, Privacy, THOMAS FRANK *Airport Screeners Could See X-Rated X-Rays, JOE SHARKEY *Freedom to Live Trumps All!, CHRIS KAPPER Practice Why Study Argument? The Terms of Argument The Claim Practice The Support The Warrant Practice Writer’s Guide: Learning the Key Terms The Audience *SAMPLE ANALYSIS *Will the Politics of Teen Sex Stop a Cancer Vaccine? ADVOCATES FOR YOUTH ASSIGNMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENT *Why U.S. Health Care Costs Aren’t Too High , CHARLES R. MORRIS 2. Reading and Listening Critically Responding as a Critical Reader Writer’s Guide: General Reading Strategies Practice The Declaration of Independence , THOMAS JEFFERSON Comprehending Argument Writer’s Guide: Strategies for Comprehending Arguments *Sex and the Cinema , EDWARD J. EPSTEIN Practice Evaluating Arguments Writer’s Guide: Strategies for Evaluating Arguments SAMPLE ANALYSIS The Gettysburg Address , ABRAHAM LINCOLN Lincoln’s Logic , CHARLES ADAMS Practice Responding as a Writer SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY No-Win Situations , ALFIE KOHN Writer’s Guide: Annotating a Text Practice *‘Freak Dancing’: If Only It Stopped There , DESDA MOSS Responding as a Critical Listener Writer’s Guide: Guidelines for Critical Listening ASSIGNMENTS FOR READING AND LISTENING CRITICALLY 3. Reading Visual Texts Critically Responding to a Visual Argument Practice Practice Cease Fire [advertisement] Sample Analysis of an Advertisement We Can Not Tell a Lie Sample Analysis of a Web Site The Hungersite.com [Web site] Responding Online Guidelines for Responding Online ASSIGNMENTS FOR READING VISUAL TEXTS CRITICALLY *4. Writing about Argument *Writing the Claim *Practice *Let’s Have No More Monkey Trials , CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER *Planning the Structure SAMPLE ESSAYS WITH ANALYSIS *Is There a Torturous Road to Justice? , ALAN M. DERSHOWITZ *Alan Dershowitz’s Tortuous Torturous Argument , SETH FINKELSTEIN *Using Sentence Forms to Construct an Argument *Providing Support *Summarizing *Paraphrasing *Quoting *Writer’s Guide: Incorporating Quotations into Your Text *Practice *Documenting Your Sources Writer’s Guide: Documenting Use of Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotations *Avoiding Plagiarism READINGS FOR ANALYSIS *Should We Fight Terror with Torture? , ALAN DERSHOWITZ *Parents Need Help , BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD Warfare: An Invention—Not a Biological Necessity , MARGARET MEAD *DEBATE: HOW SERIOUS IS THE PROBLEM OF ONLINE PREDATORS? *MySpace and Sex Offenders: What's the problem? , BOB SULLIVAN *MySpace Is Not Responsible for Predators , KEVIN ALEXANDER *ASSIGNMENTS FOR WRITING ABOUT ARGUMENT 5. Defining Key Terms The Purposes of Definition Defining the Terms in Your Argument Defining Vague and Ambiguous Terms Practice Methods for Defining Terms Practice Stipulation Negation Examples Extended Definition The Definition Essay Writer’s Guide: Writing a Definition Essay *SAMPLE ANALYSIS The Definition of Terrorism , BRIAN WHITAKER READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Race by the Numbers , ORLANDO PATTERSON Family a Symbol of Love and Life, but Not Politics , ERIC ZORN Don’t Torture English to Soft-Pedal Abuse , GEOFFREY NUNBERG DEBATE: IS THE DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE CHANGING? Gay Marriage Shows Why We Need to Separate Church and State , HOWARD MOODY Will It Be Marriage or Civil Union? , JO ANN CITRON ASSIGNMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING DEFINITION 6. Claims Claims of Fact Sufficient and Appropriate Data Reliable Authorities Facts or Inferences Writer’s Guide: Defending a Claim of Fact SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: CLAIM OF FACT A Reassuring Scorecard for Affirmative Action , MICHAEL M. WEINSTEIN Practice *Picking Sides for the News , ROBERT J. SAMUELSON Claims of Value Writer’s Guide: Defending a Claim of Value SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: CLAIM OF VALUE Kids in the Mall: Growing Up Controlled , WILLIAM SEVERINI KOWINSKI Practice *Crash , ROGER EBERT Claims of Policy Writer’s Guide: Defending a Claim of Policy SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: CLAIM OF POLICY College Life versus My Moral Code , ELISHA DOV HACK READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Supersize Your Child? , RICHARD HAYES ‘Saw’ Good at Tying Things in Knots , WESLEY MORRIS Letter from Birmingham Jail , MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DEBATE: UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES DOES THE GOVERNMENT HAVE THE RIGHT TO SEIZE PERSONAL PROPERTY? *One Year Later, Power to Seize Property Ripe for Abuse , USA TODAY *Vital Tool of Last Resort , DONALD J. BORUT ASSIGNMENTS FOR DEFENDING CLAIMS 7. Providing Support Types of Support: Evidence and Appeals to Needs and Values Evidence Factual Evidence Opinions: Interpretations of the Facts Practice Evaluation of Evidence Evaluation of Factual Evidence Evaluation of Statistics Evaluation of Opinions When Experts Disagree Appeals to Needs and Values Appeals to Needs Appeals to Values Evaluation of Appeals to Needs and Values Writer’s Guide: Using Effective Support Practice SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY Single-Sex Education Benefits Men too , CLAUDIUS E. WATTS III SAMPLE ANALYSIS The True Costs of S.U.V.’s , HAL R. VARIAN The True Confusion about SUV Costs , BETHANY ROYCE Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious? The Dubious Merits of Organic Foods , KRISTEN WEINACKER (STUDENT) READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Connecting the Dots . . . to Terrorism , BERNARD GOLDBERG A New Look, an Old Battle , ANNA QUINDLEN Marriage Plus , THEODORA OOMS *DEBATE: Is assuming the role of citizen journalist worth the risk? *Praise for Student’s Footage of Virginia Tech Mass Killing , LILY YULIANTI *Disaster Photos: Newsworthy or Irresponsible? , MARK MEMMOTT, with ALAN LEVIN and GREG LIVADAS ASSIGNMENTS FOR PROVIDING SUPPORT 8. Analyzing Warrants What Are Warrants? Practice An Unjust Sacrifice , ROBERT A. SIRICO Types of Warrants SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY The Case for Torture , MICHAEL LEVIN Writer’s Guide: Recognizing Warrants READINGS FOR ANALYSIS *We’re All Celebrities in Post-Privacy Age , ERIC AUCHARD Newman’s Own 100% Grape Juice [advertisement] Do We Need the Census Race Question? , NATHAN GLAZER Civil Disobedience , HENRY DAVID THOREAU DEBATE: ARE YOU RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR OWN WEIGHT? Absolutely. Government Has No Business Interfering with What You Eat , RADLEY BALKO Not If Blaming the Victim Is Just an Excuse to Let Industry Off the Hook , KELLY BROWNELL AND MARION NESTLE ASSIGNMENTS FOR ANALYZING WARRANTS 9. Avoiding Flawed Logic Induction SAMPLE ESSAY: AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT True or False: Schools Fail Immigrants , RICHARD ROTHSTEIN Practice Deduction *SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT *It’s All about Him , DAVID VON DREHLE Practice A Note on the Syllogism and the Toulmin Model Common Fallacies Writer’s Guide: Avoiding Logical Fallacies Practice READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Show Biz Encourages Looser Teen Sex Habits , SHERYL McCARTHY Food for Thought (and for Credit) , JENNIFER GROSSMAN A Modest Proposal , JONATHAN SWIFT DEBATE: SHOULD THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FUND EMBRYONIC STEM-CELL RESEARCH? Use the Body’s "Repair Kit": We Must Pursue Research on Embryonic Stem Cells , CHRISTOPHER REEVE The Misleading Debate on Stem-Cell Research , MONA CHAREN ASSIGNMENTS FOR AVOIDING LOGICAL FALLACIES 10. Choosing Fair and Precise Language The Power of Words *Address to Congress, 8 December 1941 , PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT Practice Connotation Slanting Selection, Slanting, and Charged Learning , NEWMAN P. BIRK AND GENEVIEVE B. BIRK Practice Picturesque Language Concrete and Abstract Language Short Cuts Cliches Slogans *SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY *Address to the Nation, September 11, 2006, GEORGE W. BUSH Writer’s Guide: Choosing Your Words Carefully READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Americans Entitled to Cheap Gas—Right?, JOAN RYAN $hotgun Weddings , KATHA POLLITT Politics and the English Language , GEORGE ORWELL DEBATE: Does the Government Have the Right to Regulate Guns? The Right to Bear Arms , WARREN E. BURGER A God-Given Natural Right , ROGER B. McGRATH ASSIGNMENTS FOR CHOOSING FAIR AND PRECISE LANGUAGE Part Two Researching, Writing, and Presenting Arguments 11. Planning and Researching an Argumentative Paper Finding an Appropriate Topic Invention StrategiesEvaluating Possible Topics Writer’s Guide: Why Use Sources? Initiating Research Writer’s Guide: Keeping Your Research on Track Mapping Research: A Sample Outline Using Sources: Primary Research Using Sources: Secondary Research Selecting and Searching Databases Types of Databases Encyclopedias Statistical Resources Government Publications Searching the Web Evaluating Sources Evaluating Print Sources Evaluating Web Sources Evaluating a Web Site: One Example Taking Notes Documenting Your Research: MLA System Documenting Your Research: APA Sources 12. Writing an Argumentative Paper Defining the Issues Case Study: School Uniforms Organizing Material Defending the Main Idea Refuting an Opposing View Finding the Middle Ground Presenting the Stock Issues Ordering Material for Emphasis Considering Scope and Audience To This Point Writing Beginning the Paper Guidelines for Good Writing The MLA System for Citing Sources Revising Preparing the Manuscript Writer’s Guide: Checklist for Argumentative Papers Sample Research Paper (MLA Style) *Thalidomide: Changing a Drug’s Reputation , SUZANNE SIMKOVICH The APA System for Citing Sources Sample Research Paper (APA Style) *The Controversy over Women in Combat , ALLISON MATHEWS 13. Presenting an Argument Orally The Audience Credibility Organization Language Support Presentation Aids Charts, Graphs, Handouts Audio Video Multimedia SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH Live Longer and Healthier: Stop Eating Meat! , C. RENZI STONEPart Three Multiple Viewpoints 14. How Far Will We Go to Change Our Body Image? *From Body Image and Adolescents , JILLIAN CROLL *When Is Thin Too Thin? , ERIC WILSON All to Be Tall , JOE KITA Smooth Operations , ALLISON SAMUELS How Men Really Feel about Their Bodies , TED SPIKER Not too Rich or Too Thin , LISA TAKEUCHI CULLEN "Now that we’re old . . ." [cartoon] The Tyranny of the Normal , LESLIE FIEDLER THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT BODY IMAGE *15. Is Academic Integrity on Our College Campuses under Assault? *Expect, but Respect, Original Work by Students , BILL WALSH *Battling Term-Paper Cheats , JULIE RAWE *It Takes a Village: Academic Dishonesty and Educational Opportunity , DONALD L. MCCABE *Bulletproof Assessment, War Stories, and Tactics: Avoiding Cybercheating , SUSAN STONEY AND MARK MCMAHON *Universities Strike Back in Battle over Illegal Downloads , AMY BRITTAIN *RateMyProfessors: Hidden Camera Edition , SCOTT JASCHIK *Playboy Launches Social-Networking Site 16. Have We Become Too Reliant on Standardized Testing? Why Can’t We Let Boys Be Boys? , MARCIA VICKERS *Standardized Testing and Its Victims , ALFIE KOHN Standardized Students: The Problems with Writing for Tests Instead of People , BRONWYN T. WILLIAMS Testing Has Raised Students’ Expectations, and Progress in Learning Is Evident Nationwide , ROD PAIGE NCLB’s Excessive Reliance on Testing Is Unrealistic, Arbitrary, and Frequently Unfair , REG WEAVER *Are We Fixing the Wrong Things? , YONG ZHAO The SAT’s Greatest Test: Social, Legal, and Demographic Forces Threaten to Dethrone the Most Widely Used College-Entrance Exam , BEN GOSE AND JEFFREY SELINGO Are SAT Scores "Worse Than Meaningless"? THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT RELIANCE ON STANDARDIZED TESTING 17. What Is the Role of Sex and Violence in Popular Culture? *Does Watching Sex on Television Influence Teens’ Sexual Activity? , REBECCA L. COLLINS ET AL. Filling Their Minds with Death: TV Violence and Children , RON KAUFMAN *Television More Oversexed Than Ever, Study Finds , LISA DE MORAES Cultural Studies and "Forensic Noir" , THOMAS DOHERTY "Back Away. Slowly" [cartoon] Hollow Claims about Fantasy Violence , RICHARD RHODES A Desensitized Society Drenched in Sleaze , JEFF JACOBY "Dad . . . Is it the entertainment industry’s fault that I’m exposed to this? [cartoon] Gore for Sale , EVAN GAHR THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT SEX AND VIOLENCE IN POPULAR CULTURE 18. Are Limits on Freedom of Speech Ever Justified? First Amendment [cartoon] Student Sues School District for Banning Anti-War T-Shirt , ALANA KEYNES *The "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" Student Speech Case: With Kenneth Starr Seeking High Court Review of the Ninth Circuit Decision, Is Someone Blowing Smoke? , JULIE HILDEN *The Case Against School Prayer , ANNIE LAURIE GAYLOR Why We Need to Abolish the FCC , ROBERT GARMONG Freedom of Speech and My Right to Silence at Bath Time , PATTI WALDMEIR Too Much Coffee Man [cartoon] Dare Call It Treason , ERIC FONER *The Imus Fallout: Who Can Say What? , JAMES PONIEWOZIK A Case the Scouts Had to Win , STEFFEN N. JOHNSON THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT THE LIMITS ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH *19. Why and How Should Immigration Be Controlled? *The Hard Truth of Immigration , ROBERT J. SAMUELSON *A Legacy of the Unforeseen , CAROLYN LOCHHEAD *Don’t Bad-Mouth Unskilled Immigrants , TYLER COWEN AND DANIEL M. ROTHSCHILD *Living with Illegals , MICHAEL BARONE *The Invasion , PATRICK J. BUCHANAN *Alien Nation , MICHAEL MAIELLO AND NICOLE RIDGWAY *Waiting in Limbo, Their Childhood Lost , DANIELLE KNIGHT *Lining Up for Citizenship , ARIAN COMPO-FLORES with RICHARD WOLFFE *Rousing the Zealots , JEFFREY RESSNER *THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT IMMIGRATION *20. In the World of Medicine, Who Decides What Is Ethical? *Need an Organ? It Helps to Be Rich , JOY VICTORY *Ethics of Organ Donation , LAWRENCE A. HOWARDS *Cancer and the Constitution—Choice at Life’s End , GEORGE J. ANNAS *Pillow Angel Ethics , NANCY GIBBS *"Adoption" of Frozen Embryos a Loaded Term , JEFFREY P. KAHN *Doctors’ Beliefs Hinder Patient Care , SABRINA RUBIN ERDELY *Does Stem Cell Advance Provide an Ethical Out? , ARTHUR CAPLAN 21. How Has Terrorism Affected the American Idea of Justice? The USA PATRIOT Act: Preserving Life and Liberty , WWW.LIFEANDLIBERTY.GOV Surveillance under the USA PATRIOT Act , AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION From The PATRIOT Act [H. R. 3162, Sections 213 and 215] The Patriot Act and You , JENNIFER HAHN AND WASIM SALFITT Name Withheld: Harsh Justice for a September 11 Detainee , ELIZABETH AMON From The Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War . THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF VICTIMS OF WAR *From Prepared Remarks of Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales at the JAG Corps Leadership Summit , ALBERTO R. GONZALES *Panel Hears about Falsehoods in Two Wartime Incidents , MICHAEL LUO What Abu Ghraib Taught Me , BARBARA EHRENREICH THINKING AND WRITING ABOUT THE EFFECT OF TERRORISM ON THE AMERICAN WAY OF LIFEGLOSSARY OF TERMS INDEX OF SUBJECTS INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES *new to this edition