Environmental Isotopes in Biodegradation and Bioremediation
Enhanced analytical capabilities and separation techniques, improved detection limits, and accessibility of instrumentation have led to massive strides in the use of isotopes to assess microbial processes in surface and subsurface sediments. Considering the rapid growth of research and commercial interest in stable isotope and radioisotope applications for contaminant hydrology and microbial ecology, an up-to-date overview of the field is long overdue.\ Environmental Isotopes in...
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Enhanced analytical capabilities and separation techniques, improved detection limits, and accessibility of instrumentation have led to massive strides in the use of isotopes to assess microbial processes in surface and subsurface sediments. Considering the rapid growth of research and commercial interest in stable isotope and radioisotope applications for contaminant hydrology and microbial ecology, an up-to-date overview of the field is long overdue.Environmental Isotopes in Biodegradation and Bioremediation comprehensively covers established and emerging isotope methods for environmental applications, focusing on biodegradation and bioremediation. This book is an invaluable tool for researchers, practitioners, and regulators who require an extensive understanding of the application of isotope methods to natural compounds and environmental contaminants. It addresses questions including:What amount of a compound comes from anthropogenic release?Do the chemicals involved undergo degradation in the environment?Do they persist and accumulate? This book is divided into four sections:Isotope Fundamentals covers important background and theoretical information needed to understand later chaptersIsotopes and Microbial Processes discusses the application of isotopes to different environmental redox conditions that dictate the predominant microbial processes that will occurIsotopes in Field Applications describes the transformation of anthropogenic pollutants and the application of isotope tools to field sitesIsotope Emerging Areas addresses the use of compounds labeled with stable isotopes, including stable isotope probing and the use of radiocarbon at natural abundance and novel stable isotopesThis reference details how isotope tools can be used to gain insight into the origin and fate of natural compounds and contaminants in the environment. Integrating theoretical and practical knowledge, the authors examine the principles of isotope tools and then present an extensive overview of key environmental processes that can be investigated with isotope methods. They also discuss analytical and data evaluation procedures, addressing established and emerging applications. To illustrate concepts and methodology, the authors use a wide range of case studies and recent field and laboratory research from various disciplines currently employing these methods. This book is a valuable tool for expanding the application of both stable isotopes and radioisotopes into untapped areas.
Preface vAcknowledgments ixEditors xiContributors xiiiSection I Isotope FundamentalsChapter 1 Fundamentals of Environmental Isotopes and Their Use in Biodegradation Patrick Höhener C. Marjorie Aelion 3Chapter 2 Analysis of Stable Isotopes Daniel Hunkeler Stefano Bernasconi 23Chapter 3 Principles and Mechanisms of Isotope Fractionation Daniel Hunkeler Martin Elsner 43Chapter 4 Isotope Fractionation during Transformation Processes Daniel Hunkeler Barbara Morasch 79Section II Isotopes and Microbial ProcessesChapter 5 Isotopes and Aerobic Degradation C. Marjorie Aelion Silvia A. Mancini 129Chapter 6 Isotopes and Methane Cycling Edward R. C. Hornibrook Ramon Aravena 167Chapter 7 Isotopes and Processes in the Nitrogen and Sulfur Cycles Ramon Aravena Bernhard Mayer 203Section III Isotopes in Field ApplicationsChapter 8 Investigating the Origin and Fate of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater Using Stable Isotope Analysis Daniel Hunkeler Ramon Aravena 249Chapter 9 Stable Isotope Fractionation of Gases and Contaminant Vapors in the Unsaturated Zone Patrick Höhener Daniel Bouchard Daniel Hunkeler 293Section IV Isotope Emerging AreasChapter 10 Isotopic Labeling in Environmental and Biodegradation Studies C. Marjorie Aelion R. Sean Norman 327Chapter 11 Combined Use of Radiocarbon and Stable Carbon Isotopes in Environmental and Degradation Studies C. Marjorie Aelion 351Chapter 12 Nontraditional Stable Isotopes in Environmental Sciences Christopher S. Romanek Brian Beard Ariel D. Anbar C. Fred T. Andrus 385Index 437
