Essential Literary Terms: A Brief Norton Guide with Exercises
Essential Literary Terms offers clear, concise definitions over 220 must-know literary terms for introductory students.\ Drawing on her extensive teaching experience, Sharon Hamilton uses classroom-tested examples and exercises to reinforce students’ understanding and help them apply what they learn in their own writing.
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Essential Literary Terms offers clear, concise definitions over 220 must-know literary terms for introductory students.
Preface XIIIAcknowledgments XVIILiterary Forms 1Drama 1Comedy 3High and low comedy 3Farce 3Romantic comedy 4Comedy of manners 4Stock characters 4Tragedy 4Classical tragedy 4Senecan tragedy 4Revenge tragedy 4Domestic tragedy 5Tragicomedy 5Theater of the Absurd 6Periods of Drama 7Ancient Greek 7Roman 7English medieval 7Morality plays 7Mystery plays 7Elizabethan and Jacobean 7Restoration and Eighteenth Century 7Modern 7Fiction 8Novel 8Novel of incident 9Novel of character 9Realistic novel 9Romance 9Bildungsroman 10Historical novel 10Epistolary novel 10Anrinovel 10Metafiction 10Short Story 11Novella 12Poetry 13Verse 13Epic Poetry 13Dramatic Poetry 14Lyric Poetry 14Specialized Forms 15Dramatic Monologue 15Exercise: Dramatic Monologue 16Epigram 19Aphorism 20Exercise: Epigram 20Satire 21Direct (formal) satire 21Indirect satire 22Horatian satire 22Juvenalian satire 22Exercise: Satire 24Figurative Language 32Figures of Thought (Tropes) 32Simile 32Metaphor 33Tenor 33Vehicle 33Mixed metaphor 34Extended metaphor 35Subtext 36Exercises: Similes and Metaphors 36Personification 39Allegory 39Pathetic fallacy 40Synecdoche 41Metonymy 41Exercise: Personification, Pathetic Fallacy, Synecdoche, and Metonymy 42Irony 44Verbal irony 44Sarcasm 44Structural irony 45Unreliable narrator 45Dramatic irony 46Tragic irony 46Cosmic irony 46Exercises: Irony 47Tropes Dependent on Contrasting Levels of Meaning 54Hyperbole 54Understatement 55Paradox 56Oxymoron 57Litotes 57Periphrasis 58Pun 59Equivoque 60Exercise: Tropes Dependent on Contrasting Levels of Meaning 60Figures of Speech (Schemes) 62Apostrophe 62Invocation 63Rhetorical Question 63Anaphora 64Antithesis 64Chiasmus 65Exercise: Figures of Speech (Schemes) 66Rhetorical Strategies 68Diction 68Formal vs. colloquial language 68Abstract vs. concrete language 70Poetic diction 72Allusion 74Analogy 76Exercises: Allusion, Analogy, and Diction 78Imagery 83Symbolism 86Atmosphere 89Exercises: Imagery, Symbolism, and Atmosphere 92Repetition 98Selection and Order of Details 99Epiphany 102Exercises: Repetition, Selection and Order of Details, and Epiphany 104Narration 112Voice 112Narrator 112Point of View 113First-Person 113Third-Person 114Third-person omniscient 114Intrusive narrator 115Objective narrator 116Narrator in drama 117Third-person limited 118Stream of consciousness 118Second-person 120Exercise: Point of View 122Characterization 125Flat Characters vs. Round Characters 126Showing vs. Telling 127Exercises: Characterization 127Roles in the Plot 129Protagonist 129Hero, heroine 129Antagonist 130Villain 130Foil 131Exercises: Roles 132Dialogue 132Verisimilitude 137Speech headings 137Stage directions 137Direct and indirect discourse 139Repartee 140Soliloquy 141Aside 143Exercise: Dialogue 144Setting 150Exercises: Setting 152Theme 154Tone 156Pathos 161Exercises: Theme and Tone 162Structure 167In Medias Res 167Exposition 168Flashback 168Narrative Pace 170Parenthetical Observation 172Subplot 174Shift in Style 176Exercises: Structure 178Syntax 184Independent clause 184Dependent clause 184Subject 184Simple subject 184Complete subject 184Predicate 184Simple predicate 184Complete predicate 184Direct object 184Indirect object 185Appositive 185Sentence Fragments 185Kinds of Sentences 186Simple sentence 186Compound sentence 186Coordinating conjunction 186Complex sentence 186Subordinate clause 186Means of Linkage 186Coordination 186Subordination 187Parallelism 188Syntactical Order 189Loose sentence (cumulative sentence) 189Periodic sentence 190Inversion 190Sentence Variety 191Exercises: Syntax 194Prosody 198Meter 198Quantitative meter 198Syllabic meter 198Stress 198Accentual meter 198Accentual-syllabic meter 198Foot 199Metrical Feet 199Iamb 199Anapest 200Trochee 200Dactyl 200Number of Feet in a Line 200Mowometer 200Dimeter 200Trimeter 201Tetrameter 201Pentameter 201Hexameter 201Heptameter 201Naming the Meter 201Iambic pentameter 201Trochaic trimeter 202Dactylic tetrameter 202Common Substitutions 202Spondee 202Catalexis 203Masculine and feminine endings 203Pauses within and between Lines of Verse 204End-stopped lines 204Enjambed lines 204Caesura 205Scansion 205Exercises: Meter 207Rhyme 210End Rhyme 211Double rhyme 211Triple rhyme 211Masculine rhyme 211Feminine rhyme 211Internal Rhyme 211Rhyme Scheme 212Perfect and Imperfect Rhyme 213Eye rhyme 213Half-rhyme (off-rhyme, slant rhyme, imperfect rhyme) 213Exercise: Rhyme 215Sound and Sound Patterns 217Alliteration 217Internal alliteration 218Consonance 219Assonance 220Onomatopoeia 221Exercises: Sound and Sound Patterns 223Poetic Forms 226Stanzas 226Couplet 226Heroic couplet 226Closed couplet 226Open couplet 227Tercet (Triplet) 228Terza rima 228Quatrain 229In Memoriam stanza 229Ballad meter (common meter) 229Refrain 230Sonnet 231Italian (Petrarchan) 231English (Shakespearean) 231Volta (turn) 231Sonnet sequence 233Curtal sonnet 234Blank Verse 234In poetry 234In drama 236Free Verse (Open Form Verse) 239Exercises: Poetic Forms 242MLA Style 247MLA In-Text Documentation 249Notes 254MLA List of Works Cited 254Sample Research Paper, MLA Style 268Permissions Acknowledgments 275Index of Terms 277
