Everything's an Argument with Readings

Preface Part 1: Reading Arguments 1. Everything Is an Argument NOT JUST WORDS Purposes of Argument Arguments to Inform Arguments to Convince Arguments to Explore Arguments to Make Decisions Arguments to Meditate or Pray Occasions for Argument Arguments about the Past Arguments about the Future Arguments about the Present Kinds of Argument CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Arguments of Fact -- Did Something Happen? Arguments of Definition -- What Is the Nature of the Thing? Arguments of Evaluation -- What Is the Quality of the Thing? Proposal Arguments -- What Actions Should Be Taken? STASIS QUESTIONS AT WORK Audiences for Arguments Considering Contexts IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Appealing to Audiences Emotional Appeals Ethical Appeals Logical Appeals Arguments and Their Rhetorical Situations Respond 2. Arguments from the Heart -- Pathos Understanding How Emotional Arguments Work NOT JUST WORDS Using Emotions to Build Bridges IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Using Emotions to Sustain an Argument Using Humor Using Arguments from the Heart Respond 3. Arguments Based on Character -- Ethos NOT JUST WORDS Understanding How Arguments Based on Character Work Claiming Authority Establishing Credibility CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Coming Clean about Motives IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Respond 4. Arguments Based on Facts and Reason -- Logos NOT JUST WORDS Providing Hard Evidence Facts Statistics Surveys and Polls Testimonies, Narratives, and Interviews Using Reason and Common Sense Cultural Assumptions and Values Providing Logical Structures for Argument Degree Analogies Precedent IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Respond 5. Thinking Rhetorically Composing a Rhetorical Analysis Understanding the Purpose of an Argument Understanding Who Makes an Argument Identifying and Appealing to Audiences IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Examining Arguments from the Heart: Pathos Examining Arguments Based on Character: Ethos Examining Arguments Based on Facts and Reason: Logos Examining the Shape and Media of Arguments NOT JUST WORDS Looking at Style Examining a Rhetorical Analysis Derek Bok, Protecting Freedom of Expression at Harvard Milena Ateya, A Curse and a Blessing GUIDE TO WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS Respond Part 2: Writing Arguments 6. Structuring Arguments NOT JUST WORDS Toulmin Argument Making Claims CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Offering Evidence and Good Reasons Determining Warrants Offering Evidence: Backing Using Qualifiers Understanding Conditions of Rebuttal Outline of a Toulmin Argument A Toulmin Analysis IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Alan M. Dershowitz, Testing Speech Codes What Toulmin Teaches Beyond Toulmin CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Respond 7. Arguments of Fact Understanding Arguments of Fact NOT JUST WORDS Characterizing Factual Arguments Developing a Factual Argument Identifying an Issue IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Researching Your Hypothesis Refining Your Claim Deciding Which Evidence to Use Presenting Your Evidence Considering Design and Visuals Key Features of Factual Arguments GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF FACT Respond Two Sample Factual Arguments Michael Osofsky, The Psychological Experience of Security Officers Who Work with Executions FactCheck.org, Abortion Distortions: Senators from Both Sides Make False Claims about Roe v. Wade 8. Arguments of Definition Understanding Arguments of Definition NOT JUST WORDS Kinds of Definition Formal Definitions Operational Definitions Definitions by Example Other Issues of Definition Developing a Definitional Argument IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Formulating Claims Crafting Definitions Matching Claims to Definitions Considering Design and Visuals Key Features of Definitional Arguments GUIDE TO WRITING AN ARGUMENT OF DEFINITION Respond Two Sample Definitional Arguments Sayoh Mansaray, The Offbeat Allure of Cult Films Lynn Peril, Pink Think 9. Evaluations Understanding Evaluations Criteria of Evaluation Characterizing Evaluation Quantitative Evaluations NOT JUST WORDS Qualitative Evaluations Developing an Evaluative Argument Formulating Criteria Making Claims Presenting Evidence Considering Design and Visuals IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Key Features of Evaluations GUIDE TO WRITING AN EVALUATION Respond Two Sample Evaluations Nisey Williams, Why I Hate Britney Jon Pareles, The Case against Coldplay 10. Causal Arguments Understanding Causal Arguments Characterizing Causal Arguments NOT JUST WORDS Developing Causal Arguments Formulating a Claim Developing the Argument IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Considering Design and Visuals Key Features of Causal Arguments GUIDE TO WRITING A CAUSAL ARGUMENT Respond Two Sample Causal Arguments La Donna Beaty, What Makes a Serial Killer? Dana Gioia, Why Literature Matters 11. Proposals Understanding and Categorizing Proposals Characterizing Proposals Developing Proposals Defining a Need or Problem Making a Strong and Clear Claim Showing That the Proposal Addresses the Need or Problem Showing That the Proposal Is Feasible IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Using Personal Experience Considering Design and Visuals NOT JUST WORDS Key Features of Proposals GUIDE TO WRITING A PROPOSAL Respond Two Sample Proposals Manasi Deshpande, A Call to Improve Campus Accessibility for the Mobility Impaired P. J. O'Rourke, Mass Transit Hysteria Part 3: Style and Presentation in Arguments 12. Style in Arguments Style and Word Choice NOT JUST WORDS Sentence Structure and Argument Punctuation and Argument Special Effects: Figurative Language and Argument Tropes CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Other Tropes Schemes IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Respond 13. Humor in Arguments Understanding Humor as Argument Characterizing Kinds of Humor NOT JUST WORDS Satire Parody IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Developing Humorous Arguments Respond 14. Visual Arguments The Power of Visual Arguments Shaping the Message NOT JUST WORDS Achieving Visual Literacy Analyzing Visual Elements of Arguments Using Visuals in Your Own Arguments Visual Arguments Based on Character Visual Arguments Based on Facts and Reason Visual Arguments That Appeal to Emotion IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Respond 15. Presenting Arguments Print Presentations NOT JUST WORDS Oral/Multimedia Presentations Oral Arguments and Discussion Formal Oral/Multimedia Presentations CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Arguments to Be Heard Arguments to Be Remembered The Role of Visuals in Oral/Multimedia Arguments Some Oral/Multimedia Presentation Strategies A Note about Webcasts--Live Presentations over the Web Web-Based Presentations Web Sites Blogs IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Respond Part 4: Conventions of Argument 16. What Counts as Evidence Evidence and the Rhetorical Situation Firsthand Evidence and Research Observations Interviews Surveys and Questionnaires Experiments Personal Experience NOT JUST WORDS Secondhand Evidence and Research Library Sources CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Online Sources Using Evidence Effectively Considering Audiences CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Building a Critical Mass IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Arranging Evidence Respond 17. Fallacies of Argument Flashpoints of Emotional Argument Scare Tactics Either-Or Choices NOT JUST WORDS Slippery Slope Sentimental Appeals Bandwagon Appeals Flashpoints of Ethical Argument Appeals to False Authority Dogmatism Moral Equivalence Ad Hominem Arguments Flashpoints of Logical Argument Hasty Generalization Faulty Causality IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Begging the Question Equivocation Non Sequitur The Straw Man Faulty Analogy Respond 18. Intellectual Property, Academic Integrity, and Avoiding Plagiarism Crediting Sources in Arguments Citing Sources and Recognizing Plagiarism NOT JUST WORDS Inaccurate or Incomplete Citation of Sources Acknowledging Your Use of Sources Using Copyrighted Internet Sources CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Acknowledging Collaboration IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Respond 19. Evaluating and Using Sources Evaluating Sources Print Sources SOURCE MAP: EVALUATING ARTICLES IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . Electronic Sources SOURCE MAP: EVALUATING WEB SOURCES Field Research Using Sources Signal Words and Introductions NOT JUST WORDS Quotations CULTURAL CONTEXTS FOR ARGUMENT Paraphrases Summaries Visuals Respond 20. Documenting Sources IF EVERYTHING'S AN ARGUMENT . . . MLA Style In-Text Citations Explanatory and Bibliographic Notes List of Works Cited Sample First Page for an Essay in MLA Style Sample List of Works Cited for an Essay in MLA Style NOT JUST WORDS APA Style In-Text Citations Content Notes List of References Respond Part 5: Arguments 21. Who's the Fairest of Them All? P. Byrnes, It Begins [cartoon] Ellen Goodman, The Culture of Thin Bites Fiji [essay] Anne E. Becker, Abstract, Discussion, and Conclusion of Television, Disordered Eating, and Young Women in Fiji: Negotiating Body Image and Identity During Rapid Social Change [EXCERPT FROM Research Article] Jane Stern, Big, Review of Fat Girl: A True Story by Judith Moore [book review] W. Charisse Goodman, One Picture Is Worth a Thousand Diets [essay] New York Times, Reshaping America: Popular Cosmetic Procedures, By Sex [Graph] Rob Walker, Social Lubricant: How A Marketing Campaign Became the Catalyst for a Societal Debate [magazine article] Meghan Daum, Those Unnerving Ads Using "Real" Women [essay] Guy Trebay, When Did Skivvies Get Rated NC-17? [newspaper article] Making a Visual Argument: Three Views on Body Image [photograph + cartoon + poster] Toby Old, From Waterlog: The Beach Series Mikhaela Blake Reid, Your Yucky Body: A Repair Manual Jason Stirman, Crossroads Baptist Church, Reflections: Body Image Seminar 22. How Does the Media Stereotype You? Making a Visual Argument: Artists and Comics Take On Stereotyping [poster + web homepage + poster] Geo Vittoratos, Come as Your Favorite Stereotype Latino Comedy Project, Will Stereotype for Food New York Arab-American Comedy Festival, The Arabs Are Coming! Tania Ralli, Who's a Looter? In Storm's Aftermath, Pictures Kick Up a Different Kind of Tempest [newspaper article] Chong-suk Han, Gay Asian-American Male Seeks Home [essay] David Carr, On Covers of Many Magazines, a Full Racial Palette Is Still Rare [newspaper article] Commercial Closet Association, Mainstream/Business-to-Business Advertising Best Practices [Web text] Anne-Marie O'Connor, Not Only Natalee Is Missing: Is the Media Inattention to Missing Women Who Aren't White Due to Deliberate Racism or Unconscious Bias? [newspaper article] David Bositis, Skin-Deep: What Polls of Minorities Miss [newspaper article] William Sea, Advertising Sets Double Standard for the Male Gender [essay] The Onion, Graphic Artist Carefully Assigns Ethnicities to Anthropomorphic Recyclables [WEB TEXT] 23. Is Sports Just a Proxy for Politics? Juliet Macur, Rowing Scholarships Available. No Experience Necessary [newspaper article] Jessica Gavora, Time's Up for Title IX Sports [essay] Ruth Conniff, Title IX: Political Football [essay] Leslie Heywood, Despite the Positive Rhetoric about Women's Sports, Female Athletes Face a Culture of Sexual Harassment [newspaper article] Barbara Munson, Common Themes and Questions about the Use of "Indian" Logos [manifesto] Jim Shore, Play with Our Name [newspaper editorial] Making a Visual Argument: Editorial Cartoonists Take On the Use of Native American Mascots and Imagery [3 cartoons] Lucy A. Ganje, Reality TV Lalo Alcaraz, But I'm Honoring You, Dude! Thom Little Moon, Which One Is the Mascot? Thad Williamson, Bad as They Wanna Be: Loving the Game Is Harder as Colleges Sell Out Themselves, the Fans, the Athletes [essay] Tom Sorensen, Dress Code Suitable Only to NBA Suits [Newspaper article] Larry Stewart, Barkley Fully Supports NBA's New Dress Code [newspaper article] Bryan Curtis, Cheerleaders: What to Do about Them? [WEB TEXT] 24. What's It Like to Be Bilingual in the United States? Tom Meyer, Just 180 Days to Learn Miwok [cartoon] Janny Scott, Foreign Born in the U.S. at Record High [newspaper article] Pew Hispanic Center/Kaiser Family Foundation, 2002 National Survey of Latinos [survey summary] Rolando Briseño, Bicultural Tablesetting [painting] Myriam Marquez, Why and When We Speak Spanish in Public [Newspaper editorial] Sandra Cisneros, From Bien Pretty [SHORT STORY excerpt] Marjorie Agosín, Always Living in Spanish and English [essay + POEM] Lan Cao, The Gift of Language [BOOK excerpt] Andrea Lo, Finding Myself through Language [essay] Mary Pipher, Language and High School, from The Middle of Everywhere: Helping Refugees Enter the American Community [Book excerpt] National Institute of Mental Health, En la comunidad latina tenemos una cultura de silencio [poster] Samuel G. Freedman, It's Latino Parents Speaking Out on Bilingual Education Failures [Newspaper ARTIcle] Firoozeh Dumas, From Funny in Farsi: A Memoir of Growing Up Iranian in America [Book excerpt] 25. What Does Your Language Say about Your Identity? Chicago Women's Club, Pledge for Children [Pledge] Ariel Dorfman, If Only We All Spoke Two Languages [essay] Chang-rae Lee, Mute in an English-Only World [newspaper article] Amy Tan, Mother Tongue [essay] John Rickford, Suite for Ebony and Phonics [essay] David D. Troutt, Defining Who We Are in Society [essay] Making a Visual Argument: Public Service Campaigns Use Language to Send a Message [5 posters] National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, He Might Dump Me… National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, You Smoked Weed… National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, Labeled… National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, You Scan Me… National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, Filed under: Pothead… Steve Rushin, Hip Unchecked:In Sports and on TV, Sarcasm and Cynicism Are Drowning Out Sincerity and Compassion [magazine article] Deborah Tannen, From You're Wearing That? [BOOK EXCERPT] Making a Visual Argument: Gendering Language: Women and Men Speaking in New Yorker Cartoons [5 cartoons] Mick Stevens, Talk to Me Alice, I Speak Woman Leo Cullum, The Emergence of Language William Hamilton, Look, All I'm Saying Is… Roz Chast, An Excerpt from Men Are from Belgium, Women Are from New Brunswick Peter Steiner, And Do You, Deborah Tannen, Think They Know What They're Talking About? 26. What Role Should Religion Play in Public Life? Laurie Goodstein, More Religion, but Not the Old-Time Kind [NEWSPAPER ARTICLE] Pew Global Attitudes Project, Among Wealthy Nations…, U.S. Stands Alone in Its Embrace of Religion [survey] Michelle Bryant, Selling Safe Sex in Public Schools [ESSAY] Naomi Schaefer Riley, Introduction to God on the Quad: How Religious Colleges and the Missionary Generation Are Changing America [BOOK EXCERPT] Elisabeth Bumiller, Preaching to the Choir? Not This Time [ESSAY] Concerned Faculty, Staff, and Emeriti of Calvin College, An Open Letter to the President of the United States, George W. Bush [LETTER] Gaylen J. Byker, Reflections on the 2005 Commencement [WEB TEXT] John Zwier, An Opportunity for Intelligent Debate [ESSAY] Antonin Scalia, God's Justice and Ours [essay] Randy Cohen, Between the Sexes [newspaper article] Mariam Rahmani, Wearing a Head Scarf Is My Choice as a Muslim: Please Respect It [ESSAY] Ad Council, A Priest, a Rabbi, and an Imam Are Walking down the Street [ADVERTISEMENT] Making a Visual Argument: Public Service Campaigns for Religious Tolerance [4 posters] U.S. Department of Justice, Common Muslim American Head Coverings The SikhNetwork, Sikhs: Proud to Be Americans Anti-Defamation League, Anti-Semitism Is Anti-Me Anti-Defamation League, Anti-Semitism Is Anti-Me Azar Nafisi, Mysterious Connections That Link Us Together [radio transcript] 27. What Should "Diversity on Campus" Mean? Making a Visual Argument: Student-Made Diversity Posters [6 posters] James Sanders, A Universe Within Stephanie Heyman, Everyone A Part, No One Apart Heidi Small, Lives Woven Together Alyson Jones, What's Your View? Megan Stampfli, Embrace Diversity Carolyn Woito, Breaking Boxes, Building Bridges Sarah Karnasiewicz, The Campus Crusade for Guys [web text] Katherine S. Mangan, Bar Association Moves to Strengthen Diversity Requirements for Accreditation of Law Schools [newspaper article] Making a Visual Argument: Cartoonists Take On Affirmative Action [5 cartoons] Mike Lester, It's GOT to Be the Shoes Dennis Draughon, Supreme Irony Mike Thompson, Daniel Lives on Detroit's Eastside… Signe Wilkinson, Admissions Dean Camp, Pricey Frederick M. Hess, Schools of Reeducation? [essay] David Horowitz, In Defense of Intellectual Diversity [essay] David Horowitz, Academic Bill of Rights [manifesto] Stanley Fish, "Intellectual Diversity": The Trojan Horse of a Dark Design [essay] Michael J. Ellis, Once More unto the Breach [essay] Ann Marie B. Bahr, The Right to Tell the Truth [essay] John Tierney, Where Cronies Dwell [newspaper article] New York Times Letters, Through the Prism of Left and Right: Responses to John Tierney's "Where Cronies Dwell" [letters] Walter Benn Michaels, Diversity's False Solace [essay] 28. Why Do They Love Us? Why Do They Hate Us? Hannah Fairfield, America: Not Their First Choice [GRAPH] Richard Bernstein, The Days After: The View from Abroad [NEWSPAPER ARTICLE] Waleed Ziad, Jihad's Fresh Face [NEWSPAPER ARTICLE] David Rieff, Their Hearts and Minds? Why the Ideological Battle against Islamists Is Nothing Like the Struggle against Communism [NEWSPAPER ARTICLE] Making a Visual Argument: How Others See Us [3 PAINTINGS] Anipas P. Delotavo Jr., Europe Gave Us Shakespeare… Zaid Omar, Misconception Jibby Yunibandhu, At Home with the Braves Dinesh D'Souza, America the Beautiful: What We're Fighting For [BOOK EXCERPT] Mark Hertsgaard, The Oblivious Empire [BOOK EXCERPT] Thomas L. Friedman, Revolution Is U.S. [BOOK EXCERPT] Josef Joffe, The Perils of Soft Power [MAGAZINE ARTICLE] Richard Pells, Is American Culture "American"? [ESSAY] Michael Medved, That's Entertainment? Hollywood's Contribution to Anti-Americanism Abroad [ESSAY] Making a Visual Argument: Exporting America [8 PHOTOgraphs] Les Stone, Advertisement for Metropolitan Life Insurance in Taipei China Features/Corbis Sygma, Poster for the Film Titanic in Peking Tatiana Markow, McDonald's in Shanghai Koren Ziv, Nike in Jerusalem Haruyoshi Yamaguchi, Mother and Children at DisneySea, the Disney Theme Park in Japan John Van Hasselt, Advertising Budweiser as Capitalism Comes to China John Van Hasselt, Selling Coke and Pepsi in India Mohsen Shandiz, Coca-Cola and Marlboro in Iran Diana Abu-Jaber, My Suspicious Last Name [ESSAY] Yiyun Li, Passing Through [ESSAY] Glossary Acknowledgments Index