Gene Sharing and Evolution: The Diversity of Protein Functions
"Gene sharing" means that the different functions of a protein may share the same gene—that is, a protein produced by a gene evolved to fulfill a specialized function for one biological role may also perform alternate functions for other biological roles.\ In the 1980s and early 1990s, Joram Piatigorsky and colleagues coined the term "gene sharing" to describe the use of multifunctional proteins as crystallins in the eye lens. In Gene Sharing and Evolution Piatigorsky explores the generality...
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"Gene sharing" means that the different functions of a protein may share the same gene—that is, a protein produced by a gene evolved to fulfill a specialized function for one biological role may also perform alternate functions for other biological roles.In the 1980s and early 1990s, Joram Piatigorsky and colleagues coined the term "gene sharing" to describe the use of multifunctional proteins as crystallins in the eye lens. In Gene Sharing and Evolution Piatigorsky explores the generality and implications of gene sharing throughout evolution and argues that most if not all proteins perform a variety of functions in the same and in different species, and that this is a fundamental necessity for evolution. How is a gene identified, by its structure or its function? Do the boundaries of a gene include its regulatory elements? What is the influence of gene expression on natural selection of protein functions, and how is variation in gene expression selected in evolution? These are neither new nor resolved questions. Piatigorsky shows us that the extensiveness of gene sharing and protein multifunctionality offers a way of responding to these questions that sheds light on the complex interrelationships among genes, proteins, and evolution. Todd H. Oakley - Evolution & Development [Gene Sharing and Evolution] provides great motivation for evolutionists to continue investigating the origins of new protein function, a topic central to evo-devo biology. The book is a parade of interesting molecular biology with abundant and clear color illustrations. The work is copiously referenced. With over 1100 references in the bibliography, most anyone is certain to find new and interesting literature. As such, I recommend Gene Sharing and Evolution for a graduate seminar, as a reference book on gene multi-functionality with many detailed examples, and for anyone pondering the evolutionary origins of novelty at the molecular level.
List of IllustrationsPreface1. What Is "Gene Sharing"?New Functions for Old Proteins and the Question of Gene DuplicationOrigin of the Term "Gene Sharing"Gene Sharing: General Definition and ImplicationsProtein Location and Gene RegulationWhy the Term "Gene Sharing"?Mechanisms for Diversifying Gene FunctionsPosttranslational ModificationsConditions for Initiating Gene SharingContrasting Phenotype with Protein FunctionTake-Home Message2. Multifunctions and Functional Shifts: Echos from the PastPreadaptation, Prospective Adaptation, and Hopeful MonstersQuirky Functional Shifts and ExaptationSpandrels and Gene SharingGene Regulation and TinkeringTake-Home Message3. The Elusive Concept of a "Gene"The Classical Gene ConceptThe Mendel-Morgan Chromosomal Theory of the GeneLater Developments: One Gene/One Enzyme/One PolypeptideThe Molecular Era of the Gene: So Much Data, So Many PossibilitiesQuantifying Genes before the Molecular EraQuantifying Genes in the Molecular Era: Fewer than ExpectedNoncoding Regulatory GenesProtein DiversityThe Ambiguous GeneThe "Molecular Gene" ConceptThe "Molecular Process Gene" ConceptThe "Evolutionary Gene" ConceptTwo Concepts for One Gene: Gene-P/Gene-DGene Sharing: A Concept Incorporating an "Open Gene"Take-Home Message4. Eyes and Lenses: Gene Sharing by CrystallinsEye Diversity: Many Forms to Perform a FunctionThe LensCrystallins and the Optical Properties of the LensDiversity and Taxon-Specificity of Lens CrystallinsCrystallins Are Borrowed ProteinsThe bg-Crystallins: A Superfamily with Distant Stress ConnectionsThe Enzyme-Crystallins of VertebratesCrystallins of InvertebratesCrystallin Gene Regulation in Vertebrates: A Similar Cast of Transcription FactorsConvergent Evolution of Crystallin Gene ExpressionEvolutionary Dynamism of shsp/aB-Crystallin Gene ExpressionConvergent Evolution of Invertebrate and Vertebrate Crystallin PromotersPotential for Lens-Specific Promoter ActivityConvergent Evolution and Relaxed Stringency for CrystallinsTake-Home Message5. The Enigmatic "Corneal Crystallins": Putative Cases of Gene SharingThe CorneaAldehyde Dehydrogenase: A Candidate Corneal CrystallinOther Candidate Corneal Crystallins: Transketolase, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, and CyclophilinAdseverin: A Corneal Crystallin in ZebrafishA Signaling Role for AdseverinCorneal Gene ExpressionThe Refracton Hypothesis: Implications for Gene SharingTake-Home Message6. Gene Sharing As a Common Event: Many Multifunctional ProteinsGlycolytic Enzymes and the Versatile HexokinasesCitrate Synthase: An Enzyme and a Cytoskeletal StructureLactate Dehydrogenase: An Enzyme for All SeasonsRegulation of mRNA Translation by Enzyme BindingGlyceraldehye-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase: Constant SurprisesEnolase: Another Versatile ProteinBacterial Surface EnzymesXanthine Oxidoreductase: Enzyme and EnvelopeThe Thioredoxin/Ribonucleotide Reductase System and Thioredoxin Family Members: From Redox to MorphogenesisSerum Albumin: Transport Protein, Enzymatic Vasodilator and DetoxifierGelsolin: Roles in Cytoskeletal Structure, Gene Expression, Cell Death, and Signal TransductionCytochrome c: Roles in Electron Transport, Cell Death, and Light FiltrationTake-Home Message7. Gene Sharing during Gene ExpressionComplexity of TranscriptionNuclear ReceptorsMetabolic Enzymes and Gene ExpressionY-Box ProteinsTranscription Factors as Translational Regulators: BicoidTranslation Factors for RNA Export: eIF4Homeoproteins, Chromosomal Proteins and ActinThe Dynamic Flux of Nuclear ProteinsTake-Home Message8. Gene Sharing As a Dynamic Evolutionary Process: Antifreeze Proteins and HemoglobinsAntifreeze ProteinsHemoglobinsTake-Home Message9. Gene Duplication and the Evolution of New FunctionsGene Duplication and Retention of Redundant GenesBirth and Death of Duplicated GenesAdaptive Evolution by Positive Selection: New Functions after Gene DuplicationSubfunctionalization and Gene SharingRapid Subfunctionalization with Slow NeofunctionalizationGene Sharing Is Independent of Gene DuplicationLens Crystallins: Gene Sharing at Different Stages of DuplicationTake-Home Message10. Gene Sharing and Systems Biology: Implications and SpeculationsNetworksEvolvabilitySelective Pressure Affecting Gene RegulationFunctional Switching and the Notion of Functional "Trespassing"Functional NoiseGenetic Differences in Levels of Gene ExpressionThe Molecular ClockGene Knockout ExperimentsGene Deletion of b-CateninHorizontal Gene TransferTake-Home Message11. Recapitulations: Ambiguities and PossibilitiesAmbiguity of Cause and EffectNatural Selection Versus Random DriftGene Sharing and Robustness: When Is a Mutation Neutral?Inconsistency with DesignNaming Is Not KnowingThe Question of Tissue HomologyPhylogenetic Trees: The Complication of FunctionDefining and Counting GenesDefinition of Polypeptide Function: The Ambiguity of Molecular MechanismBetween Genotype and PhenotypeGene Sharing and the Importance of Research on Diverse SpeciesMedical ImplicationsGlossaryReferencesIndex
\ Evolution & Development[Gene Sharing and Evolution] provides great motivation for evolutionists to continue investigating the origins of new protein function, a topic central to evo-devo biology. The book is a parade of interesting molecular biology with abundant and clear color illustrations. The work is copiously referenced. With over 1100 references in the bibliography, most anyone is certain to find new and interesting literature. As such, I recommend Gene Sharing and Evolution for a graduate seminar, as a reference book on gene multi-functionality with many detailed examples, and for anyone pondering the evolutionary origins of novelty at the molecular level.\ — Todd H. Oakley\ \ \ \ \ \ Journal of the American Medical AssociationA masterpiece for a broad medical and scientific readership. The text provides a powerful reminder that genes and proteins do not function as isolated entities but are components of a dynamic and elaborate temporal network. With the recent advent of the -omics disciplines, we are witnessing fundamental changes that propel biomedical sciences toward a new level, in which the global perspectives become the fundamental priority.\ — Richard A. Stein\ \ \
