Hawaiian Grammar
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TablesxiPrefacexiiiAbbreviations and Explanationsxvii1Previous Studies of Hawaiian Grammar11.1Chamisso11.2Humboldt and Buschmann31.3Hale41.4Andrews and Alexander41.5Primitives and Evolution61.6The Last Hundred Years82The Sound System102.1Consonants (p, k, ', h, l, m, n, w)102.2Vowels (i, i, e, e, a, a, u, u, o, o)142.3Word Stress162.4Junctures182.5Stress in Phrases and Sentences182.6Pitch Levels212.7Natural Fast Speech222.8Dialect Variations232.8.1Ni'ihau Dialect232.8.2n for l and Glottal Stop for l and k252.9Loan Words272.9.1English as a Source272.9.2The Word for Horse302.9.3Biblical Terms312.9.4Other Sources332.10Relative Frequencies of Sounds342.11Drift352.12Notes on Orthography363From Sentence to Affix393.1Sentences393.2Phrases413.3Words433.4Particles443.5Affixes444Classification of Verbs; Verblike Idioms464.1Basis of the Classification464.2Intransitive Verbs (vi)484.3Transitive Verbs (vt)484.4Stative Verbs (vs)494.5Multiple-class Verbs514.6Verblike Idioms545Verb Markers575.1Classification of Verb Markers575.2Aspect Markers575.3Tense Marker605.4Mood Markers616Verb Affixes and Thematic Consonants646.1Prefixes and Reduplications646.2Reduplications646.2.1Types of Reduplication656.2.2Meanings of Reduplications666.3Prefixes to Verbs: Middle Layer686.3.1Prefixes with Causative/Simulative Meanings686.3.2Prefixes with Qualitative/Stative Meanings716.3.3Other Prefixes746.4The Causative/Simulative ho'o- and Its Alternants766.5Rare Suffixes786.6Thematic Consonants and the Suffixes and Particles They Introduce796.6.1Inventory796.6.2Nominalizers796.6.3Passive/Imperatives836.6.4Transitivizers866.6.5Possible Analyses887Postposed Phrasal Elements907.1Some Postposed Particles907.2Directionals917.3ai967.4o-Demonstratives ala, la/-la, ana997.5Particles Following the o-Demonstratives1008Nouns and Substitutes, Locative Nouns, Compounds, Qualifiers1058.1Nouns1058.2Pronouns1078.3Demonstratives1108.3.1ke-Demonstratives1108.3.2o-Demonstratives nei and na1118.3.3ia1128.3.4ua1138.3.5neia1148.3.6pe-Demonstratives1148.4Possessives1158.4.1k-Possessives1168.4.2o- and n-Possessives1188.5Interrogatives1198.6Locative Nouns1208.7Compounds and Qualifiers1238.7.1Noun Compounds1238.7.2Verb and Noun-Verb Compounds1248.7.3Compound Proper Names1268.7.4Other Compounds1268.7.5Noun + Qualifier Sequences1279Prepositions1319.1Inventory of Prepositions1319.2Subject Marker: 'o/o1319.3Multifunctional i/ia and io1339.3.1i/ia1339.3.2i/ia/io: Definite Locative1349.4Locative/Instrumental/Manner: ma1359.5a: Place to (Emphatic)1369.6Possessives1369.6.1a- and o-Possessives1369.6.2Verbs with a and o1409.6.3o-Possessives1429.6.4Fronted Possessives1439.7Comitative/Instrumental/Similitude: me1459.8Ablative: mai1459.9Agentive: e1469.10Vocative: e/o1469.11na and no1479.12Simulative: pe1509.13Appositional Prepositions1509.14Prepositional Phrases in Verbless Sentences15210Determiners, Numerals, and Plurals15310.1k-Words15310.2Articles15410.3Numerals15810.4Other Plural Markers16211Conjunctions and Complex Sentences16411.1Conjunctions16411.2Combining Phrases: Order16811.3Combining Sentences16911.4A Complex Sentence Analyzed17111.5The Role of Fronting: A Summary17212Interjections174Glossary179References185Index191
