Intelligence of Apes and Other Rational Beings
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What is animal intelligence? In what ways is it similar to human intelligence? Many behavioral scientists have realized that animals can be rational, can think in abstract symbols, can understand and react to human speech, and can learn through observation as well as conditioning many of the more complicated skills of life. Now Duane Rumbaugh and David Washburn probe the mysteries of the animal mind even further, identifying an advanced level of animal behavior-emergents-that reflects animals' natural and active inclination to make sense of the world. Rumbaugh and Washburn unify all behavior into a framework they call Rational Behaviorism and present it as a new way to understand learning, intelligence, and rational behavior in both animals and humans. Drawing on years of research on issues of complex learning and intelligence in primates (notably rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees, and bonobos), Rum-baugh and Washburn provide delightful examples of animal ingenuity and persistence, showing that animals are capable of very creative solutions to novel challenges. The authors analyze learning processes and research methods, discuss the meaningful differences across the primate order, and point the way to further advances, enlivening theoretical material about primates with stories about their behavior and achievements."In this remarkable book, Duane Rumbaugh and David Washburn illuminate the questions of primate intelligence with style, with savvy, and with compassion. This is an intensely provocative-and readable-journey through an important subject."-Deborah Blum, author of Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection Author Biography: Duane M. Rumbaugh, Regents Professor emeritus in the Departments of Psychology and Biology at Georgia State University, is the cofounder and recent director of the Language Research Center there. David A. Washburn is an associate professor in the Department of Psychology and director of the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. Current Perspectives in Psychology series - Alan E. Kazdin, Editor Publishers Weekly Prominent behavioral scientists Rumbaugh and Washburn are highly persuasive in their thesis that animals are rational, making decisions by using higher reasoning skills, not by trial and error and not by reacting in simple stimulus-response fashion to their environs. Yet the authors' theory of primate learning and intelligence, a framework they dub "rational behaviorism," fits with Skinnerian and Pavlovian models of conditioning in its explanations of more complex behaviors. For Rumbaugh and Washburn, the key is not simply in studying the response to the stimulus, but the process by which the response is formed, a process far more rich, involved and rational in its cognitive workings than many give animals credit for. The authors describe innovative studies, by themselves and by other researchers in the field, showing that primates can think in abstract symbols, learn through observation, and understand and react to human speech. The most engaging portion of the book focuses on language learning in primates, including descriptions of several ingenious experiments at the San Diego Zoo. Though earnestly written in a clear style, the book will most likely appeal to academics and students of animal behavior, as it reads like an engaging textbook, with some of the scientific explanations verging on dry. For those with an interest in primate intelligence and some scientific background, this passionately argued and well-substantiated summation judiciously renders the complexities of the animal mind. (Oct.) Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information.
Series ForewordForewordPrefaceCh. 1Introduction3Ch. 2Adaptation21Ch. 3Sculpting of Tendencies31Ch. 4Learning, the Foundation of Intelligence37Ch. 5Limitations of Respondents and Operants44Ch. 6First Lessons from Primates51Ch. 7Primate Research at the San Diego Zoo59Ch. 8Interesting Events at the San Diego Zoo78Ch. 9The LANA Project, 197187Ch. 10The Assembling of Language: Sherman and Austin114Ch. 11Kanzi!128Ch. 12Asking Questions so That Animals Can Provide the Right Answers147Ch. 13When Emergents Just Don't Emerge167Ch. 14Animals Count178Ch. 15Brain Business: Cause-Effect Reasoning193Ch. 16Processes Basic to Learning and Reinforcement: A New Perspective209Ch. 17Harlow's Bridge to Rational Behaviors237Ch. 18Rational Behaviorism249Ch. 19Overview and Perspective267Epilogue288References291Recommended Reading310Index317
