I/O Consolidation in the Data Center (Networking Technology Series)
Using Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) and related technologies, data centers can consolidate data traffic onto a single network switch, simplifying their environments, promoting virtualization, and substantially reducing power and cooling costs. This emerging technology is drawing immense excitement, but few enterprise IT decision-makers and implementers truly understand it. I/O Consolidation in the Data Center is the only complete, up-to-date guide to FCoE. FCoE innovators Silvano Gai and...
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Using Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) and related technologies, data centers can consolidate data traffic onto a single network switch, simplifying their environments, promoting virtualization, and substantially reducing power and cooling costs. This emerging technology is drawing immense excitement, but few enterprise IT decision-makers and implementers truly understand it. I/O Consolidation in the Data Center is the only complete, up-to-date guide to FCoE. FCoE innovators Silvano Gai and Claudio DeSanti (chair of the T11 FCoE standards working group) systematically explain the technology: its benefits, tradeoffs, and what it will take to implement it successfully in production environments. Unlike most other discussions of FCoE, this book fully reflects the final, recently-approved industry standard. The authors also present five detailed case studies illustrating typical FCoE adoption scenarios, as well as an extensive Q and A section addressing the issues enterprise IT professionals raise most often. This is a fully updated version of Silvano Gai's privately-published book on FCoE, written for leading FCoE pioneer Nuova Systems before the company was acquired by Cisco. Nearly 12,000 copies of that book have already been distributed, demonstrating the immense interest in FCoE technology, and the scarcity of reliable information that has existed about it.
I/O Consolidation 1Introduction 1What Is I/O Consolidation 2Merging the Requirements 3Why I/O Consolidation Has Not Yet Been Successful 4Fundamental Technologies 5PCI-Express 510 Gigabit Ethernet 5Additional Requirements 8Buffering Requirements 8Layer 2 Only 9Switch Architecture 9Low Latency 10Native Support for Storage Traffi c 11RDMA Support 11Enabling Technologies 15Introduction 15Lossless Ethernet 15PAUSE 15Credits Versus PAUSE 17PAUSE Propagation 18Is Lossless Better? 19Why PAUSE Is Not Widely Deployed 20Priority-based Flow Control (PFC) 20Additional Components 22DCBX: Data Center Bridging eXchange 22Bandwidth Management 23Congestion Management 25Delayed Drop 26Going Beyond Spanning Tree 28Active-Active Connectivity 32Etherchannel 32Virtual Switching System (VSS) 32virtual Port Channel (vPC) 34Ethernet Host Virtualizer 36Layer 2 Multipath (L2MP) 38Basic Mechanisms in L2MP 40Cisco DBridges 47IETF RBridges and the TRILL Project 51VEB: Virtual Ethernet Bridging 52Server Virtualization 53SR-IOV 54The IEEE Standard Effort 54VEB in the Adapter 55VEB in the Switch 56VNTag 57Fabric Extenders 59VN-Link 60Questions and Answers 63Does FCoE Uses Credits? 63High Availability of PAUSE and Credits 63Queue Size 63Long-Haul 63FECN/BECN 64Confi guration 64Bandwidth Prioritization 64Storage Bandwidth 64Cisco DCB/FCoE Support 6510GE NICs 65IP Routing 65Lossless Ethernet Versus Infi niband 66Nomenclature 66Fibre Channel over Ethernet 67Introduction 67Fibre Channel 69Fibre Channel Architectural Models 71FCoE Mapping 73FCoE Architectural Models 74FCoE Benefi ts 79FCoE Data Plane 80FCoE Topologies 82FCoE Addressing 85FCoE Forwarding 87FPMAs and SPMAs 90FIP: FCoE Initialization Protocol 92FIP Messages 93FIP VLAN Discovery 97FIP Discovery 98FIP Virtual Link Instantiation 103FIP Virtual Link Maintenance 108Converged Network Adapters 110FCoE Open Software 112Network Tools 113FCoE and Virtualization 114Fibre Channel Block I/O 115iSCSI Block I/O 116Moving a VM 117FCoE and Block I/O 117FCoE FAQ 118Is FCoE Routable? 118iSCSI Versus FCoE? 120Does FCoE Require Gateways? 123Case Studies 125Introduction 125I/O Consolidation with Discrete Servers 126Top-of-Rack Consolidated I/O 129Example with Blade Servers 131Updating the Distribution Layer 133Unifi ed Computing System 136Bibliography 139PCI Express 139IEEE 802.3 139IEEE 802.1 139Ethernet Improvements 139Fibre Channel 139FCoE 140TRILL 140Virtualization 140Glossary 141Figures 145Tables 149Index 151
