Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language and Linguistics
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List of SymbolsPreface to the Tenth Edition ixAcknowledgments xviiIntroduction 1What Is Language? 2Introducing the Study of Language 3What You Know When You Know a Language 6What You Don't (Necessarily) Know When You Know a Language 12Design Features of Language 17Language Modality 24Practice 30Phonetics 37What Is Phonetics? 38Representing Speech Sounds 40Articulation: English Consonants 45Articulation: English Vowels 54Beyond English: Speech Sounds of the World's Languages 59Suprasegmental Features 64Acoustic Phonetics 69The Phonetics of Signed Languages 79Practice 87Phonology 99What Is Phonology? 100The Value of Sounds: Phonemes and Allophones 101Phonological Rules 109Phonotactic Constraints and Foreign Accents 117Implicational Laws 122How to Solve Phonology Problems 127Practice 134Morphology 147What Is Morphology? 148Words and Word Formation: The Nature of the Lexicon 149Morphological Processes 155Morphological Types of Languages 163The Hierarchical Structure of Derived Words 168Morphological Analysis 172Practice 176Syntax 193What Is Syntax? 194Basic Ideas of Syntax 195How Sentences Express Ideas 199Lexical Categories 204Phrase Structure 208Tests for Structure and Constituency 216Word Order Typology 221Practice 223Semantics 231What Is Semantics? 232An Overview of Semantics 233Lexical Semantics: The Meanings of Words 235Lexical Semantics: Word Relations 242Compositional Semantics: The Meanings of Sentences 248Compositional Semantics: Putting Words Together and Meaning Relationships 252Practice 259Pragmatics 267What Is Pragmatics? 268Language in Context 269Rules of Conversation 273Drawing Conclusions 279Speech Acts 284Presupposition 292Practice 297Language Acquisition 309What Is Language Acquisition? 310Theories of Language Acquisition 311First-Language Acquisition: The Acquisition of Speech Sounds and Phonology 319First-Language Acquisition: The Acquisition of Morphology, Syntax, and Word Meaning 326How Adults Talk to Young Children 333Bilingual Language Acquisition 339Practice 343Language Storage and Processing 351How Do We Store and Process Language? 352Language and the Brain 354Aphasia 360Speech Production 365Speech Perception 374Lexical Processing 379Sentence Processing 385Experimental Methods in Psycholinguistics 390Practice 393Language Variation 405What Is Language Variation? 406Language Varieties 407Variation at Different Levels of Linguistic Structure 414Factors Influencing Variation: Regional and Geographic Factors 418Factors Influencing Variation: Social Factors 427Practice 434Language Contact 443What Is Language Contact? 444Language Contact 446Borrowings into English 451Pidgin Languages 454Creole Languages 460Societal Multilingualism 463Language Endangerment and Language Death 465Case Studies in Language Contact 469Practice 473Language Change 481What Is Language Change? 482Introducing Language Change 483Language Relatedness 486Sound Change 492Morphological Change 497Syntactic Change 502Semantic Change 505Reconstruction: Internal Reconstruction vs. Comparative Reconstruction 508Practice 516Language and Culture 525What Is the Study of "Language and Culture"? 526Language and Identity 527Language and Power 533Language and Thought 538Writing Systems 545Practice 559Animal Communication 565How Do Animals Communicate? 566Communication and Language 567Animal Communication in the Wild 571Can Animals Be Taught Language? 576Practice 581Language and Computers 585What Is Computational Linguistics? 586Speech Synthesis 587Automatic Speech Recognition 592Communicating with Computers 597Machine Translation 603Corpus Linguistics 607Practice 610Practical Applications 615What Can You Do with Linguistics? 616Language Education 617Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology 620Language and Law 622Language in Advertising 625Codes and Code-Breaking 631Being a Linguist 637Practice 639Answers to Example Exercises 645Glossary 649Selected Bibliography 675Language Index 685Subject Index 689
