Liquid Vapor Phase Change Phenomena: An Introduction to the Thermophysics of Vaporization and Condensation Processes in Heat Transfer Equipment
Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena presents the basic thermophysics and transport principles that underlie the mechanisms of condensation and vaporization processes. The text has been thoroughly updated to reflect recent innovations in research and to strengthen the fundamental focus of the first edition. Starting with an integrated presentation of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics and interfacial phenomena associated with vaporization and condensation, coverage follows of the heat transfer...
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Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena presents the basic thermophysics and transport principles that underlie the mechanisms of condensation and vaporization processes. The text has been thoroughly updated to reflect recent innovations in research and to strengthen the fundamental focus of the first edition. Starting with an integrated presentation of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics and interfacial phenomena associated with vaporization and condensation, coverage follows of the heat transfer and fluid flow mechanisms in such processes. The second edition includes significant new material on the nanoscale and microscale thermophysics of boiling and condensation phenomena and the use of advanced computational tools to create new models of phase-change events. The importance of basic phenomena to a wide variety of applications is emphasized and illustrated throughout using examples and problems. Suitable for senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students in mechanical or chemical engineering, the book can also be a helpful reference for practicing engineers or scientists studying the fundamental physics of nucleation, boiling and condensation.
Preface xiNomenclature xiiiIntroductory Remarks xixThermodynamic and Mechanical Aspects of Interfacial Phenomena and Phase TransitionsThe Liquid-Vapor Interfacial Region - A Nanoscale Perspective 3A Molecular Perspective on Liquid-Vapor Transitions 3The Interfacial Region - Molecular Theories of Capillarity 13Nanoscale Features of the Interfacial Region 20Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of Interfacial Region Thermophysics 29References 34Problems 36The Liquid-Vapor Interface - A Macroscopic Treatment 39Thermodynamic Analysis of Interfacial Tension Effects 39Determination of Interface Shapes at Equilibrium 46Temperature and Surfactant Effects on Interfacial Tension 53Surface Tension in Mixtures 56Near Critical Point Behavior 58Effects of Interfacial Tension Gradients 60References 68Problems 69Wetting Phenomena and Contact Angles 73Equilibrium Contact Angles on Smooth Surfaces 73Wettability, Cohesion, and Adhesion 78The Effect of Liquid Surface Tension on ContactAngle 83Adsorption 86Spread Thin Films 87Contact Angle Hysteresis 93Other Metrics for Wettability 99A Nanoscale View of Wettability 102References 104Problems 105Transport Effects and Dynamic Behavior at Interfaces 107Transport Boundary Conditions 107Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities 112Interface Stability of Liquid Jets 121Waves on Liquid Films 128Interfacial Resistance in Vaporization and Condensation Processes 134Maximum Flux Limitations 143References 147Problems 148Phase Stability and Homogeneous Nucleation 151Metastable States and Phase Stability 151Thermodynamic Aspects of Homogeneous Nucleation in Superheated Liquid 164The Kinetic Limit of Superheat 172Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Superheat Limits 177Thermodynamic Aspects of Homogeneous Nucleation in Supercooled Vapor 182The Kinetic Limit of Supersaturation 186Wall Interaction Effects on Homogeneous Nucleation 192References 196Problems 197Boiling and Condensation Near Immersed BodiesHeterogeneous Nucleation and Bubble Growth in Liquids 203Heterogeneous Nucleation at a Smooth Interface 203Nucleation from Entrapped Gas or Vapor in Cavities 210Criteria for the Onset of Nucleate Boiling 220Bubble Growth in an Extensive Liquid Pool 226Bubble Growth Near Heated Surfaces 232Bubble Departure Diameter and the Frequency of Bubble Release 242References 247Problems 250Pool Boiling 253Regimes of Pool Boiling 253Models of Transport During Nucleate Boiling 259Correlation of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Data 275The Maximum Heat Flux Conditions 287Minimum Heat Flux Conditions 302Film Boiling 305Transition Boiling 331References 337Problems 342Other Aspects of Boiling and Evaporation in an Extensive Ambient 345Additional Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling 345The Leidenfrost Phenomenon 359Fluid-Wall Interactions and Disjoining Pressure Effects 371Enhancement of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer 383Pool Boiling of Binary Mixtures 387References 403Problems 409External Condensation 413Heterogeneous Nucleation in Vapors 413Dropwise Condensation 418Film Condensation on a Flat, Vertical Surface 428Film Condensation on Cylinders and Axisymmetric Bodies 444Effects of Vapor Motion and Interfacial Waves 449Condensation in the Presence of a Noncondensable Gas 455Enhancement of Condensation Heat Transfer 466References 468Problems 472Internal Flow Convective Boiling and CondensationIntroduction to Two-Phase Flow 479Two-Phase Flow Regimes 479Basic Models and Governing Equations for One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow 491Determination of the Two-Phase Multiplier and Void Fraction 499Analytical Models of Annular Flow 518Effects of Flow Passage Size and Geometry 529References 532Problems 535Internal Convective Condensation 537Regimes of Convective Condensation in Conventional (Macro) Tubes 537Analytical Modeling of Downflow Internal Convective Condensation 542Correlation Methods for Convective Condensation Heat Transfer 550Convective Condensation in Microchannels and Channels with Noncircular Cross Sections 562Internal Convective Condensation of Binary Mixtures 568References 577Problems 580Convective Boiling in Tubes and Channels 583Regimes of Convective Boiling in Conventional (Macro) Tubes 583Onset of Boiling in Internal Flows 590Subcooled Flow Boiling 598Saturated Flow Boiling 608Critical Heat Flux Conditions for Internal Flow Boiling 625Post-CHF Internal Flow Boiling 644Internal Flow Boiling in Microchannels and Complex Enhanced Flow Passages 664Internal Flow Boiling of Binary Mixtures 676References 689Problems 700Basic Elements of the Kinetic Theory of Gases 703Saturation Properties of Selected Fluids 713Analysis Details for the Molecular Theory of Capillarity 729Index 735
