Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Portable Edition

* indicate selections that are new to this edition.FICTION1. READING A STORYFable, Parable, and TalesW. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra* Aesop, The North Wind and the SunBidpai, The Camel and His FriendsChuang Tzu, IndependenceJakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather DeathPlotThe Short StoryJohn Updike, A & PWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingJohn Updike, Why Write?Writing About PlotPaying Attention to PlotChecklist: Analyzing PlotWriting Assignment on PlotMore Topics For Writing2. POINT OF VIEWWilliam Faulkner, A Rose for Emily* Anne Tyler, Teenage WastelandJames Baldwin, Sonny's Blues* Eudora Welty, A Worn PathWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingJames Baldwin, Race and the African American WriterWriting About Point of ViewHow Point of View Shapes a StoryChecklist: Understanding Point of ViewWriting Assignment on Point of ViewMore Topics for Writing3. CHARACTERKatherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny WeatherallKatherine Mansfield, Miss Brill* Tobias Wolff, The Rich BrotherRaymond Carver, CathedralWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingRaymond Carver, Commonplace but Precise LanguageWriting About CharacterHow Character Creates ActionChecklist: Writing About CharacterWriting Assignment on CharacterMore Topics For Writing4. SETTINGKate Chopin, The StormJack London, To Build a FireT. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy LakeAmy Tan, A Pair of TicketsWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingAmy Tan, Setting the VoiceWriting About SettingThe Importance of SettingChecklist: Analyzing SettingWriting Assignment on SettingMore Topics For Writing5. TONE AND STYLEErnest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceWilliam Faulkner, Barn BurningIrony* O. Henry, Gift of the MagiHa Jin, SaboteurWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingErnest Hemingway, The Direct StyleWriting About Tone and StyleBe Style ConsciousChecklist: Thinking about Style and ToneWriting Assignment on Tone and StyleMore Topics For Writing6. THEMEStephen Crane, The Open Boat* Alice Munro, How I Met My HusbandLuke 15: 11-32, The Parable of the Prodigal SonKurt Vonnegut, Jr., Harrison BergeronWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingKurt Vonnegut, Jr., The Themes of Science FictionWriting About ThemeStating the ThemeChecklist: Determining a Story’s ThemeWriting Assignment on ThemeMore Topics For Writing7. SYMBOLJohn Steinbeck, The ChrysanthemumsShirley Jackson, The LotteryElizabeth Tallent, No One’s a MysteryUrsula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from OmelasWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on Writing* Shirley Jackson, Reactions to "The Lottery"Writing About SymbolsRecognizing SymbolsChecklist: Thinking about SymbolsWriting Assignment on SymbolsStudent Essay, An Analysis of the Symbolism in Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums"More Topics For Writing8. EVALUATING A STORY* Yiyun Li, A Thousand Years of Good PrayersWRITING EFFECTIVELY Writers on Writing* Yiyun Li, “What I Could Not Write about Was Why I Was Writing” Writing An EvaluationJudging a Story’s ValueChecklist: Evaluating FictionWriting Assignment on Evauating FictionMore Topics for Writing9. READING LONG STORIES AND NOVELSLeo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan IlychFranz Kafka, The MetamorphosisWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingFranz Kafka, Discussing The MetamorphosisWriting About Long Stories and NovelsKnow What to Leave OutChecklist: Wrting About a Long Story or NovelWriting Assignment on Long Works of FictionStudent Essay, Kafka's GreatnessMore Topics for Writing10. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: FLANNERY O'CONNOR Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to FindFlannery O'Connor, Revelation* Flannery O'Connor, Parker’s BackFlannery O'Connor on Writing Flannery O'Connor, An Excerpt from “On Her Own Work”: The Element of Suspense in “A Good Man Is Hard to Find”Flannery O'Connor, On Her Catholic FaithFlannery O'Connor, An Excerpt from “The Grotesque in Southern Fiction”: The Serious Writer and the Tired ReaderFlannery O'Connor, Yearbook CartoonsCritics on Flannery O'ConnorRobert Brinkmeyer Jr., Flannery O’Connor and Her ReadersJ. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not so Hard to Find: The Real Life MisfitMary Jane Schenck, Deconstructing "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"* Kathleen Feeley, The Mystery of Divine Direction: “Parker’s Back”WRITING EFFECTIVELYWriting About an AuthorHow One Story Illuminates AnotherChecklist: Reading an Author in DepthWriting Assignment on an AuthorMore Topics For Writing11. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: 3 Stories in DepthEdgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale HeartEdgar Allan Poe on WritingEdgar Allan Poe, The Tale and Its EffectEdgar Allan Poe, On ImaginationEdgar Allan Poe, The Philosophy of CompositionCritics on “The Tell-Tale Heart”Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in “The Tell-Tale Heart”* Scott Peeples, “The Tell-Tale Heart” as a Love Story* John Chua, The Figure of the Double in PoeCharlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow WallpaperCharlotte Perkins Gilman on Writing* Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Why I Wrote “The Yellow Wallpaper”* Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Whatever Is* Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Nervous Breakdown of WomenCritics on “Yellow Wallpaper”Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in “The Yellow Wallpaper”* Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Imprisonment and Escape: The Psychology of Confinement* Elizabeth Ammons, Biographical Echoes in “The Yellow Wallpaper”Alice Walker, Everyday Use Alice Walker on Writing* Black Women Writers in America, Interview by John O’Brien* Alice Walker: “I Know What the Earth Says, ” Interview by William R. FerrisCritics on “Everyday Use”Barbara T. Christian, “Everyday Use” and the Black Power Movement* Houston A. Baker and Charlotte Pierce-Baker, Stylish vs. Sacred in “Everyday Use”* Elaine Showalter, Quilt as Metaphor in “Everyday Use”12. STORIES FOR FURTHER READINGChinua Achebe, Dead Men's PathAnjana Appachana, The ProphecyMargaret Atwood, Happy EndingsAmbrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek BridgeJorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to MarkWilla Cather, Paul's CaseJohn Cheever, The Five-Forty-EightAnton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet DogKate Chopin, The Story of an HourSandra Cisneros, House on Mango Street.Ralph Ellison, Battle RoyalGabriel García Márquez, The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World* Dagoberto Gilb, Look on the Bright SideNathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman BrownZora Neale Hurston, SweatKazuo Ishiguro, A Family SupperJames Joyce, ArabyJamaica Kincaid, GirlJhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of MaladiesD. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse WinnerBobbie Ann Mason, ShilohJoyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?Tim O'Brien, The Things They CarriedTillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing* Octavio Paz, My Life with the WaveLeslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds* Helena María Viramontes, The MothsPOETRY13. READING A POEM William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of InnisfreeLyric PoetryD. H. Lawrence, PianoAdrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer’s TigersNarrative PoetryAnonymous, Sir Patrick SpenceRobert Frost, “Out, Out—”Dramatic PoetryRobert Browning, My Last DuchessWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingAdrienne Rich, Recalling "Aunt Jennifer's Tigers"Writing a ParaphraseCan a Poem be Paraphrased?William Stafford, Ask MeWilliam Stafford, A Paraphrase of "Ask Me"Checklist: Paraphrasing a PoemWriting Assignment on ParaphrasingMore Topics for Writing14. LISTENING TO A VOICE ToneTheodore Roethke, My Papa’s WaltzCountee Cullen, For a Lady I KnowAnne Bradstreet, The Author to Her BookWalt Whitman, To a Locomotive in WinterEmily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the MilesBenjamin Alire Sáenz, To the DesertWeldon Kees, For My DaughterThe Person in the PoemNatasha Trethewey, White LiesEdwin Arlington Robinson, Luke HavergalTed Hughes, Hawk Roosting* Suji Kwock Kim, Monologue for an OnionWilliam Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a CloudDorothy Wordsworth, Journal EntryJames Stephens, A Glass of BeerAnne Sexton, Her KindWilliam Carlos Williams, The Red WheelbarrowIronyRobert Creeley, Oh NoW. H. Auden, The Unknown CitizenSharon Olds, Rites of PassageJohn Betjeman, In Westminster AbbeySarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links* Edna St. Vincent Millay, Second Fig* Joseph Stroud, MissingThomas Hardy, The WorkboxFor Review and Further StudyWilliam Blake, The Chimney Sweeper* David Lehman, Rejection SlipWilliam Stafford, At the Un-National Monument Along the Canadian BorderH. L. Hix, I Love the World, As Does Any DancerRichard Lovelace, To LucastaWilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum EstWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingWilfred Owen, War PoetryWriting About VoiceListening to ToneChecklist: Analyzing ToneWriting Assignment on ToneStudent Essay, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke's "My Papa's Waltz"More Topics for Writing15. WORDS Literal Meaning: What a Poem Says FirstWilliam Carlos Williams, This Is Just to SayMarianne Moore, SilenceRobert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down!John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for YouThe Value of a DictionaryHenry Wadsworth Longfellow, AftermathJohn Clare, Mouse’s NestJ. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies deadKelly Cherry, Advice to a Friend Who PaintsCarl Sandburg, GrassWord Choice and Word OrderRobert Herrick, Upon Julia's ClothesKay Ryan, BlandeurThomas Hardy, The Ruined MaidRichard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial BombardmentWendy Cope, Lonely HeartsFor Review and Further StudyE. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how townBilly Collins, The NamesAnonymous, Carnation Milk* Kenneth Rexroth, Vitamins and Roughage* Gina Valdes, English con SalsaLewis Carroll, JabberwockyWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingLewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty Explicates "Jabberwocky"Writing About DictionEvery Word CountsChecklist: Thinking About Word ChoiceWriting Assignment on Word ChoiceMore Topics for Writing16. SAYING AND SUGGESTING John Masefield, CargoesWilliam Blake, LondonWallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O’Clock* Gwendolyn Brooks, Southeast CornerTimothy Steele, Epitaph* E. E. Cummings, next to of course to god america iRobert Frost, Fire and IceClare Rossini, Final Love Note* Jennifer Reeser, Winter-proofAlfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle TearsRichard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This WorldWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingRichard Wilbur, Concerning "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World"Writing About Denotation and ConnotationThe Ways a Poem SuggestsChecklist: Analyzing What a Poem Says and SuggestsWriting Assignment on Denotation and ConnotationMore Topics for Writing17. IMAGERY Ezra Pound, In a Station of the MetroTaniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feelT. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles downTheodore Roethke, Root CellarElizabeth Bishop, The FishAnne Stevenson, The VictoryCharles Simic, ForkEmily Dickinson, A Route of EvanescenceJean Toomer, ReapersGerard Manley Hopkins, Pied BeautyAbout HaikuArakida Moritake, The falling flowerMatsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streakMatsuo Basho, In the old stone poolTaniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bellTaniguchi Buson, I goKobayashi Issa, only one guyKobayashi Issa, CricketHaiku from Japanese Internment CampsSuiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountainNeiji Ozawa, War forced us from CaliforniaHakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogsContemporary American HaikuEtheridge Knight, Lee Gurga, Penny Harter, John Ridland,• Garry Gay, Adelle Foley, Jennifer Brutschy, Connie Bensley, A Selection of HaikuFor Review and Further StudyJohn Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou artT. C. Hulme, The ImageWalt Whitman, The Runner* William Carlos Williams, El HombreChana Bloch, Tired SexRobert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter* Rita Dove, SilosLouise Glück, Mock OrangeBilly Collins, EmbraceJohn Haines, Winter NewsStevie Smith, Not Waving but DrowningWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingEzra Pound, The ImageWriting About ImageryAnalyzing ImagesChecklist: Thinking About ImageryWriting Assignment on ImageryStudent Essay, Elizabeth Bishop's Use of Imagery in "The Fish"More Topics for Writing18. FIGURES OF SPEECH Why Speak Figuratively?Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The EagleWilliam Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?Metaphor and SimileEmily Dickinson, My Life had stood – a Loaded GunAlfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied WallWilliam Blake, To see a world in a grain of sandSylvia Plath, MetaphorsN. Scott Momaday, SimileEmily Dickinson, It dropped so low – in my RegardCraig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard HomeOther FiguresJames Stephens, The WindMargaret Atwood, You fit into meJohn Ashbery, The Cathedral IsGeorge Herbert, The Pulley* Dana Gioia, Money* Charles Simic, My ShoesFor Review and Further StudyRobert Frost, The Silken Tent* April Lindner, Low TideJane Kenyon, The SuitorRobert Frost, The Secret SitsA. R. Ammons, CowardKay Ryan, Turtle* Heather McHugh, Language Lesson, 1976Robinson Jeffers, HandsRobert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red roseWRITING EFFECTIVELY Writers on WritingRobert Frost, The Importance of Poetic MetaphorWriting About MetaphorsHow Metaphors Enlarge a Poem's MeaningChecklist: Analyzing MetaphorWriting Assignment on Figures of SpeechMore Topics for Writing19. SONGSinging and SayingBen Jonson, To CeliaAnonymous, The Cruel Mother* William Shakespeare, O Mistress MineEdwin Arlington Robinson, Richard CoryPaul Simon, Richard CoryBalladsAnonymous, Bonny Barbara AllanDudley Randall, Ballad of BirminghamBluesBessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse BluesW. H. Auden, Funeral BluesRap Run D.M.C., from Peter PiperFor Review and Further StudyJohn Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor RigbyBob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin'* Aimee Mann, DeathlyWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingPaul McCartney, Creating "Eleanor Rigby"Writing About Song LyricsPoetry’s Close Kinship with SongChecklist: Looking at Lyrics as PoetryWriting Assignment on Song LyricsMore Topics for Writing20. SOUNDSound as MeaningAlexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not ChanceWilliam Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?John Updike, RecitalWilliam Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit SealEmanuel di Pasquale, RainAphra Behn, When Maidens Are YoungAlliteration and AssonanceA. E. Housman, Eight O’Clock* James Joyce, All Day I HearAlfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle wallsRimeWilliam Cole, On my boat on Lake CayugaJames Reeves, Rough WeatherHilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus* Ogden Nash, The PantherWilliam Butler Yeats, Leda and the SwanGerard Manley Hopkins, God’s GrandeurFred Chappell, Narcissus and EchoRobert Frost, Desert PlacesReading and Hearing Poems AloudMichael Stillman, In Memoriam John ColtraneWilliam Shakespeare, Full fathom five thy father liesChryss Yost, Lai with Sounds of SkinT. S. Eliot, VirginiaWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingT. S. Eliot, The Music of PoetryWriting About SoundListen to the MusicChecklist: Writing About a Poem’s SoundWriting Assignment on SoundMore Topics for Writing21. RHYTHM Stresses and PausesGwendolyn Brooks, We Real CoolAlfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, BreakBen Jonson, Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt tearsSir Thomas Wyatt, With serving stillDorothy Parker, RésuméMeterMax Beerbohm, On the imprint of the first English edition of The Works of Max BeerbohmThomas Campion, Rose-cheeked Laura, comeEdna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme* Jacqueline Osherow, Song for the Music in the Warsaw GhettoA. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty* William Carlos Williams, Smell!Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!David Mason, Song of the PowersLangston Hughes, Dream BoogieWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingGwendolyn Brooks, Hearing "We Real Cool"Writing About RhythmFreeze-Framing the SoundChecklist: Scanning a PoemWriting Assignment on RhythmMore Topics for Writing22. CLOSED FORM Formal PatternsJohn Keats, This living hand, now warm and capableRobert Graves, Counting the BeatsJohn Donne, Song (“Go and catch a falling star”)Phillis Levin, Brief BioThe SonnetWilliam Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true mindsMichael Drayton, Since there’s no help, come let us kiss and partEdna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and whyRobert Frost, Acquainted with the NightKim Addonizio, First Poem for You* Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: Hands FoldedTimothy Steele, SummerA. E. Stallings, Sine Qua Non* R. S. Gwynn, Shakespearean SonnetThe EpigramAlexander Pope, Sir John Harrington, Robert Herrick, William Blake, E. E. Cummings, Langston Hughes, J. V. Cunningham, John Frederick Nims, Stevie Smith, Brad Leithauser, Dick Davis, Anonymous, Hilaire Belloc, Wendy Cope, A selection of epigramsW. H. Auden, Edmund Clerihew Bentley, Cornelius Ter Maat, ClerihewsOther FormsRobert Pinsky, ABCDylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good nightRobert Bridges, TrioletElizabeth Bishop, SestinaWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on Writing* A. E. Stallings, On Form and ArtificeWriting About FormTurning PointsChecklist: Thinking About a SonnetWriting Assignment on a SonnetMore Topics for Writing23. OPEN FORM Denise Levertov, Ancient StairwayE. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’sW. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My DeathWilliam Carlos Williams, The DanceStephen Crane, The HeartWalt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford* Ezra Pound, SalutationWallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a BlackbirdProse PoetryCarolyn Forché, The Colonel* Charles Simic, The Magic Study of HappinessVisual PoetryGeorge Herbert, Easter WingsJohn Hollander, Swan and ShadowTerry Ehret, from PapyrusDorthi Charles, Concrete CatFound PoetryRonald Gross, YieldSeeing the Logic of Open Form VerseE. E. Cummings, in Just-Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red* Alice Fulton, FailureWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingWalt Whitman, The Poetry of the FutureWriting About Free VerseLining Up for Free VerseChecklist: Analyzing Line Breaks in Free VerseWriting Assignment on Open FormMore Topics for Writing24. SYMBOL T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening TranscriptEmily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow ForkThomas Hardy, Neutral TonesMatthew 13:24-30, The Parable of the Good SeedGeorge Herbert, The World* Edwin Markham, Outwitted* John Ciardi, A Box Comes HomeRobert Frost, The Road Not TakenChristina Rossetti, Uphill* Christian Wiman, PostolkaFor Review and Further StudyWilliam Carlos Williams, The TermTed Kooser, Carrie* Jane Hirshfield, TreeJon Stallworthy, An Evening WalkLorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can coverWallace Stevens, Anecdote of the JarWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingWilliam Butler Yeats, Poetic SymbolsWriting About SymbolsReading a SymbolChecklist: Analyzing a SymbolWriting Assignment on SymbolismMore Topics for Writing25. MYTH Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can StayD. H. Lawrence, Bavarian GentiansWilliam Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with UsH. D., HelenArchetypeLouise Bogan, Medusa* John Keats, La Belle Dame Sans MerciPersonal MythWilliam Butler Yeats, The Second Coming* Gregory Orr, Two Lines from the Brothers GrimmDiane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle SchoolMyth and Popular CultureCharles Martin, Taken Up* Andrea Hollander Budy, Snow WhiteAnne Sexton, CinderellaWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingAnne Sexton, Transforming Fairy TalesWriting About MythDemystifying MythChecklist: Thinking About MythWriting Assignment on MythStudent Essay, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.'s "Helen"More Topics for Writing26. POETRY AND PERSONAL IDENTITYSylvia Plath, Lady LazarusRhina Espaillat, Bilingual / BilingüeCulture, Race, and EthnicityClaude McKay, AmericaSamuel Menashe, The Shrine Whose Shape I AmFrancisco X. Alarcón, The X in My Name* Amy Uyematsu, DeliberateJudith Ortiz Cofer, QuinceañeraYusef Komunyakaa, Facing ItGenderAnne Stevenson, Sous-EntenduEmily Grosholz, ListeningDonald Justice, Men at FortyAdrienne Rich, WomenFor Review and Further StudyShirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to love AmericaAndrew Hudgins, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not DeadAlastair Reid, Speaking a Foreign LanguagePhilip Larkin, AubadeWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingRhina Espaillat, Being a Bilingual WriterWriting About the Poetry of Personal IdentityPoetic Voice and Personal IdentityChecklist: Writing About Voice and Personal IdentityWriting Assignment on Personal IdentityMore Topics for Writing27. TRANSLATIONIs Poetic Translation Possible?World PoetryLi Po, Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Chinese text)Li Po, Moon-beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)Li Po, translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by MoonlightComparing TranslationsHorace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (Latin text)Horace, “Carpe Diem” Ode (literal translation)Horace, translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, Horace to LeuconoeHorace, translated by James Michie, Don’t AskHorace, translated by A. E. Stallings, A New Year’s ToastOmar Khayyam, Rubai (Persian text)Omar Khayyam, Rubai (literal translation)Omar Khayyam, translated by Edward FitzGerald, A Book of Verses underneath the BoughOmar Khayyam, translated by Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah, Our Day’s PortionOmar Khayyam, translated by Dick Davis, I Need a Bare SufficiencyParodyAnonymous, We four lads from Liverpool areWendy Cope, From Strugnell’s RubaiyatHugh Kingsmill, What, still alive at twenty-two?Bruce Bennett, The Lady Speaks AgainGene Fehler, If Richard Lovelace Became a Free AgentAaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortillaWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingArthur Waley, The Method of TranslationWriting a ParodyParody Is the Sincerest Form of FlatteryChecklist: Writing a ParodyWriting Assignment on ParodyMore Topics for Writing28. Poetry in Spanish: Literature of Latin AmericaSor JuanaAsegura la Confianza de que Oculturá de todo un SecretoTranslated by Diane Thiel, She Promises to Hold a Secret in ConfidencePresente en que el Cariño Hace Regalo la LlanezaTranslated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by AffectionPablo NerudaMuchos SomosTranslated by Alastair Reid, We Are ManyCien Sonetos de Amor (V)Translated by Stephen Tapscott, One Hundred Love Sonnets (V)Jorge Luis BorgesAmorosa AnticipaciónTranslated by Robert Fitzgerald, Anticipation of LoveLos EngimasTranslated by John Updike, The EnigmasOctavio PazCon los Ojos CerradosTranslated by Eliot Weinberger, With Our Eyes ShutCertezaTranslated by Charles Tomlinson, CertaintySurrealism in Latin American PoetryFrida Kahlo, Two FriedasCésar Vallejo, La Cólera que Quiebra al Hombre en NiñosCésar Vallejo, translated by Thomas Merton, AngerContemporary Mexican PoetsJosé Emilio Pacheco, Alta TraiciónJosé Emilio Pacheco, translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason* Francisco Hernández, Bajo Cero* Francisco Hernández, translated by Carolyn Forché, Below Zero* Tedi López Mills, Convalecencia* Tedi López Mills, ConvalescenceWriters on WritingOctavio Paz, In Search of the PresentWriters on TranslatingAlastair Reid, Translating NerudaWriting Assignment on Spanish PoetryMore Topics for Writing29. RECOGNIZING EXCELLENCE Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful faceGrace Treasone, LifeEmily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger – moaned for DrinkRod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital PunishmentWilliam Stafford, Traveling Through the DarkWallace McRae, ReincarnationRecognizing ExcellenceWilliam Butler Yeats, Sailing to ByzantiumArthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly GreatnessPercy Bysshe Shelley, OzymandiasRobert Hayden, The WhippingElizabeth Bishop, One ArtW. H. Auden, September 1, 1939Evaluating Famous PoemsWalt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus* Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the MaskEdgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee WRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingEdgar Allan Poe, A Long Poem Does Not ExistWriting an EvaluationYou Be the JudgeChecklist: Evaluating a PoemWriting Assignment on Evaluating a PoemMore Topics for Writing30. WHAT IS POETRY?Archibald MacLeish, Ars PoeticaDante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, J. V. Cunningham, Elizabeth Bishop, Jorge Luis Borges, Octavio Paz, William Stafford, Gwendolyn Brooks, Robert Bly, Some Definitions of PoetryHa Jin, Missed Time31. TWO CRITICAL CASEBOOKS: EMILY DICKINSON AND LANGSTON HUGHES Emily DickinsonSuccess is counted sweetest* I taste a liquor never brewedWild Nights – Wild Nights!I Felt a Funeral, in my BrainI'm Nobody! Who are you?* I Dwell in PossibilityThe Soul selects her own SocietySome keep the Sabbath going to ChurchAfter great pain, a formal feeling comesThis is my letter to the WorldI heard a Fly buzz – when I diedI started Early – Took my DogBecause I could not stop for DeathThe Bustle in a HouseTell all the Truth but tell it slantEmily Dickinson on Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson, Recognizing PoetryEmily Dickinson, Self-DescriptionCritics on Emily Dickinson Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily DickinsonThomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson’s ManuscriptsRichard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily DickinsonCynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of “Because I could not stop for Death”)Judith Farr, A Reading of “My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun”Langston HughesThe Negro Speaks of RiversMother to SonDream VariationsI, TooThe Weary BluesSong for a Dark GirlPrayerEnd* Ku KluxBallad of the LandlordTheme for English BSubway Rush HourSliver* As Befits a ManHarlem [Dream Deferred]Langston Hughes on Langston HughesLangston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial MountainLangston Hughes, The Harlem RenaissanceCritics on Langston Hughes Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an ExperimentalistRita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, Langston Hughes and HarlemDarryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston HughesPeter Townsend, Langston Hughes and JazzOnwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of "Dream Deferred"For Further ReadingTopics for Writing32. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: T. S. ELIOT’S “THE LOVE SONG OF J. ALFRED PRUFROCK”T. S. EliotT. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockPublishing “Prufrock”* Ezra Pound, Letters to Harriet Monroe on “Prufrock”The Reviewers on Prufrock and Other Observations: 1917-1918* Unsigned, Review from Times Literary Supplement* Unsigned, Review from Literary World* Unsigned, Review from New Statesman* Conrad Aiken, Divers Realists* Babette Deutsch, Another Impressionist* Marianne Moore, A Note on T. S. Eliot’s Book* May Sinclair, Prufrock and Other Observations: A CriticismT. S. Eliot on Writing* T. S. Eliot, Poetry and Emotion* T. S. Eliot, The Objective Correlative* T. S. Eliot, The Difficulty of PoetryCritics on “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”* Christopher Ricks, What’s in a Name?* Philip R. Headings, The Pronouns in the Poem: “One,” “You,” and “I”* Maud Ellmann, Will There Be Time?* Denis Donoghue, One of the Irrefutable Poets* Burton Raffel, “Indeterminacy” in Eliot’s Poetry* John Berryman, Prufrock’s Dilemma* M. L. Rosenthal, from “Adolescents SingingTopics for Writing33. POEMS FOR FURTHER READINGAnonymous, Lord RandallAnonymous, The Three RavensAnonymous, The Twa CorbiesAnonymous, Last Words of the Prophet (Navajo Mountain Chant)Matthew Arnold, Dover BeachJohn Ashbery, At North Farm* Margaret Atwood, Siren SongW. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One EveningW. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux ArtsElizabeth Bishop, Filling StationWilliam Blake, The TygerWilliam Blake, The Sick RoseEavan Boland, AnorexicGwendolyn Brooks, The MotherGwendolyn Brooks, the preacher: ruminates behind the sermonElizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the WaysRobert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish CloisterGeoffrey Chaucer, Merciless BeautyG. K. Chesterton, The DonkeyLucille Clifton, Homage to my hipsSamuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla KhanBilly Collins, Care and FeedingHart Crane, My Grandmother's Love LettersE. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond* Marisa de los Santos, Perfect DressJohn Donne, Death be not proudJohn Donne, The FleaJohn Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding MourningJohn Dryden, To the Memory of Mr. OldhamT. S. Eliot, Journey of the MagiLouise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The RunawaysB. H. Fairchild, A Starlit NightRobert Frost, BirchesRobert Frost, Mending WallRobert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningAllen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in CaliforniaThom Gunn, The Man with Night SweatsDonald Hall, Names of HorsesThomas Hardy, The Convergence of the TwainThomas Hardy, The Darkling ThrushThomas Hardy, HapRobert Hayden, Those Winter SundaysSeamus Heaney, DiggingAnthony Hecht, AdamGeorge Herbert, LoveRobert Herrick, To the Virgins to Make Much of TimeGerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and FallGerard Manley Hopkins, No worst, there is noneGerard Manley Hopkins, The WindhoverA. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry nowA. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying YoungRandall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret GunnerRobinson Jeffers, To the Stone-cuttersBen Jonson, On My First Son* Donald Justice, On the Death of Friends in ChildhoodJohn Keats, Ode on a Grecian UrnJohn Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to beJohn Keats, To Autumn* Ted Kooser, Abandoned FarmhousePhilip Larkin, Home is so SadPhilip Larkin, Poetry of DeparturesIrving Layton, The Bull Calf* Denise Levertov, The Ache of MarriagePhilip Levine, They Feed They Lion* Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Riding into CaliforniaRobert Lowell, Skunk HourAndrew Marvell, To His Coy MistressEdna St. Vincent Millay, RecuerdoJohn Milton, How soon hath timeJohn Milton, When I consider how my light is spentMarianne Moore, PoetryFrederick Morgan, The MasterMarilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful WomanHoward Nemerov, The War in the Air* Lorine Niedecker, Poet’s WorkYone Noguchi, A Selection of HokkuSharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys’ PartyWilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed YouthLinda Pastan, EthicsRobert Phillips, Running on EmptySylvia Plath, DaddyEdgar Allan Poe, A Dream within a DreamAlexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang’rous ThingEzra Pound, The River-Merchant’s Wife: a LetterDudley Randall, A Different ImageJohn Crowe Ransom, Piazza PieceHenry Reed, Naming of PartsAdrienne Rich, Living in SinEdwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver CheevyTheodore Roethke, Elegy for JaneMary Jo Salter, Welcome to HiroshimaWilliam Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyesWilliam Shakespeare, Not marble nor the gilded monumentsWilliam Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me beholdWilliam Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sunLouis Simpson, American PoetryDavid R. Slavitt, TitanicChristopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat JeoffryWilliam Jay Smith, American PrimitiveCathy Song, Stamp CollectingWilliam Stafford, The Farm on the Great PlainsWallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-CreamJonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning* Larissa Szporluk, VertigoSara Teasdale, The FlightAlfred, Lord Tennyson, Dark house, by which once more I standAlfred, Lord Tennyson, UlyssesDylan Thomas, Fern HillJohn Updike, Ex-Basketball PlayerDerek Walcott, The VirginsEdmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose* Walt Whitman, Song of the Open RoadWalt Whitman, I Hear America SingingRichard Wilbur, The WriterC. K. Williams, ElmsWilliam Carlos Williams, Spring and AllWilliam Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old LadyWilliam Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster BridgeJames Wright, A BlessingJames Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, OhioMary Sidney Wroth, In This Strange LabyrinthSir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me sekëWilliam Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the BishopWilliam Butler Yeats, The MagiWilliam Butler Yeats, When You Are Old* Bernice Zamora, Penitents34. LIVES OF THE POETSDRAMA35. READING A PLAYA Play in Its ElementsSusan Glaspell, TriflesWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingSusan Glaspell, Creating TriflesWriting About ConflictConflict ResolutionChecklist: Analyzing ConflictWriting Assignment on ConflictStudent Essay, Outside TriflesMore Topics for Writing36. MODES OF DRAMA: TRAGEDY & COMEDY Tragedy * Christopher Marlowe, A Scene from Doctor Faustus (in which Faustus sells his soul to the devil; Act 2, Scene 1)Comedy David Ives, Sure ThingJane Martin, BeautyWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on Writing* David Ives, On the One-Act PlayWriting About ComedyGetting Serious About ComedyChecklist:Writing About a ComedyWriting Assignment on ComedyMore Topics for Writing37. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: SOPHOCLES The Theater of SophoclesStagingThe Civic Role of Greek DramaAristotle's Concept of TragedyThe Origins of Oedipus the KingSophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)The Background of AntigonêSophocles, Antigonê (Translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald)Critics on SophoclesAristotle, Defining TragedySigmund Freud, The Oedipus ComplexE. R. Dodds, On Misunderstanding OedipusA. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles* David Wiles, The Chorus as DemocratPatricia M. Line, Antigonê's FlawWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingRobert Fitzgerald, Translating Sophocles into EnglishWriting About Ancient Greek TragedySome Things Change. Some Things Don't.Checklist: Analyzing Ancient Greek TragedyWriting Assignment on SophoclesMore Topics for Writing38. CRITICAL CASEBOOK: SHAKESPEAREThe Theater of Shakespeare WILLIAM SHAKESPEAREPlaysA Note on OthelloWilliam Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of VeniceThe Background of HamletWilliam Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of DenmarkThe Background of A Midsummer Night’s DreamWilliam Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's DreamCritics on ShakespeareA. C. Bradley, Hamlet's CharacterRebecca West, Hamlet and OpheliaJan Kott, Producing HamletJoel Wingard, Reader-Response Issues in HamletW. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant VillainMaud Bodkin, Lucifer on Shakespeare's OthelloVirginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in OthelloAnthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare* Claire Asquith, Shakespeare’s Language as a Hidden Political CodeGermaine Greer, Shakespeare’s “Honest Mirth”Linda Bamber, Female Power in A Midsummer Night's DreamWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriters on WritingBen Jonson, On His Friend And Rival William ShakespeareWriting About ShakespeareBreaking the Language BarrierChecklist: Writing About a Shakespearean PlayWriting Assignment on TragedyStudent Essay, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?More Topics For Writing39. THE MODERN THEATERRealism and NaturalismHenrik Ibsen, A Doll's House (Translated by James McFarlane)Writers on Writing* Henrik Ibsen, Correspondence on the Final Scene of A Doll’s HouseTragicomedy and the AbsurdMilcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban SwimmerWriters on WritingMilcha Sanchez-Scott, Writing The Cuban SwimmerWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriting About Dramatic RealismWhat's so Realistic About Realism?Checklist: Writing About a Realist PlayWriting Assignment on RealismStudent Essay, Helmer vs. HelmerMore Topics for Writing40. EVALUATING A PLAYWRITING EFFECTIVELYWriting an Evaluation of a PlayJudging a Play’s GreatnessChecklist: Evaluating a PlayWriting Assignment on EvaluationMore Topics for Writing41. PLAYS FOR FURTHER READINGArthur Miller, Death of a SalesmanWriters on WritingArthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common ManTennessee Williams, The Glass MenagerieWriters on WritingTennessee Williams, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie42. NEW VOICES IN AMERICAN DRAMA* Rita Dove, The Darker Face of the EarthWriters on Writing* Rita Dove, The Inspiration for The Darker Face of the EarthBeth Henley, Am I Blue?Writers on WritingBeth Henley,What’s in a Title?David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a VoiceWriters on WritingDavid Henry Hwang, Multicultural TheaterTerrence McNally, Andre's MotherWriters on WritingTerrence McNally, How to Write a Play* August Wilson, FencesWriters on Writing* August Wilson, A Look into Black America* WRITING (ALL NEWLY REVISED)43. WRITING ABOUT LITERATUREStart by Reading ActivelyRobert Frost, Nothing Gold Can StayPlanning Your EssayPrewriting: Discovering IdeasBrainstormingClusteringListingFreewritingJournalingOutliningDeveloping a Literary ArgumentPurposeAudienceTopicThesisArgumentClaimsPersuasionEvidenceWarrantsCredibilityOrganizationChecklist: Developing an ArgumentWriting a Rough DraftSample Student Essay, Rough DraftRevisingChecklist: Revision StepsSome General Advice on RewritingSample Student Essay, Final DraftUsing Critical Sources and Maintaining Academic IntegrityThe Form of your Finished PaperSpell-Check and Grammar-Check ProgramsAnonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers44. WRITING ABOUT A STORYStart with Active ReadingThinking About the TextPreparing to Write: Discovering IdeasWriting a First DraftCHECKLIST: WRITING A ROUGH DRAFTRevisingCHECKLIST: REVISIONWhat’s Your Purpose? Some Common Approaches to Writing About FictionExplicationSample Student Essay (Explication)AnalysisSample Student Essay (Analysis)The Card ReportSample Student Card ReportComparison and ContrastSample Student Essay (Comparison and Contrast)Topics for Writing45. WRITING ABOUT A POEMGetting StartedReading ActivelyRobert Frost, DesignThinking About a PoemPreparing to WriteWriting a First DraftCHECKLIST: WRITING A ROUGH DRAFTRevisingCHECKLIST: REVISIONSome Common Approaches to Writing About PoetryExplicationSample Student Essay (Explication)Randall Jarrell, On Frost’s “Design”AnalysisSample Student Essay (Analysis)Comparison and ContrastAbbie Huston Evans, Wing-SpreadSample Student Essay (Comparison and Contrast)How to Quote a PoemTopics for WritingRobert Frost, In White46. WRITING ABOUT A PLAYReading a PlaySome Methods of Writing About DramaExplicationAnalysisComparison and ContrastCard ReportSample Student Card ReportA ReviewSample Student Drama ReviewHow to Quote a PlayTopics for Writing47. WRITING A RESEARCH PAPERGetting StartedChoosing a TopicFinding Research SourcesFinding Print ResourcesUsing Online DatabasesUsing Visual ImagesCHECKLIST: USING VISUAL IMAGESFinding Reliable Web SourcesCHECKLIST: FINDING SOURCESEvaluating SourcesPrint ResourcesChoose Web Sources CarefullyCHECKLIST: EVALUATING SOURCESOrganizing Your ResearchRefining Your ThesisOrganizing Your PaperWriting and RevisingGuarding Academic IntegrityPapers for Sale Are Papers that “F”ailA Warning Against Internet PlagiarismAcknowledging SourcesQuoting a SourceCiting IdeasDocumenting Sources Using MLA StyleList of SourcesParenthetical ReferencesWorks Cited ListCiting Print Sources in MLA StyleCiting Internet Sources in MLA StyleSample Works Cited ListEndnotes and FootnotesSample Student Research Paper - Page xxxxConcluding ThoughtsReference Guide for Citations48. WRITING AS DISCOVERY: KEEPING A JOURNALSample Student Journal Entry49. WRITING AN ESSAY EXAM50. CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATUREFormalist CriticismCleanth Brooks, The Formalist CriticMichael Clark, Light and Darkness in "Sonny's Blues"Robert Langbaum, On Robert Browning’s “My Last Duchess”Biographical CriticismVirginia Llewellyn Smith, Chekhov's Attitude to Romantic Emily Toth,The Source for Alcée Laballière in “The Storm”Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop’s “One Art”Historical CriticismHugh Kenner, ImagismJoseph Moldenhauer, "To His Coy Mistress" and the Renaissance Tradition* Kathryn Lee Seidel, The Economics of “Sweat”Psychological CriticismSigmund Freud, The Nature of DreamsGretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood, Fairy Tale Motifs in “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?”Harold Bloom, Poetic InfluenceMythological CriticismC. J. Jung, The Collective Unconscious and ArchetypesNorthrop Frye, Mythic ArchetypesEdmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's "Barn Burning"Sociological CriticismGeorg Lukacs, Content Determines FormDaniel P. Watkins, Money and Labor in "The Rocking-Horse Winner"Alfred Kazin, Walt Whitman and Abraham LincolnGender CriticismElaine Showalter, Toward a Feminist Poetics* Nina Pelikan Straus, Transformations in The MetamorphosisSandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Freedom of Emily DickinsonReader-Response CriticismStanley Fish, An Eskimo “A Rose for Emily”Michael J. Colacurcio, The End of Young Goodman BrownRobert Scholes, “How Do We Make a Poem?”Deconstructionist CriticismRoland Barthes, The Death of the AuthorBarbara Johnson, Rigorous UnreliabilityGeoffrey Hartman, On Wordsworth’s “A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal”Cultural StudiesVincent B. Leitch, Poststructuralist Cultural CritiqueMark Bauerlein, What Is Cultural Studies?* Camille Paglia, On Blake’s “The Chimney Sweeper”