Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic
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"This book is valuable as expounding in full a theory of meaning that has its roots in the work of Frege and has been of the widest influence. . . . The chief virtue of the book is its systematic character. From Frege to Quine most philosophical logicians have restricted themselves by piecemeal and local assaults on the problems involved. The book is marked by a genial tolerance. Carnap sees himself as proposing conventions rather than asserting truths. However he provides plenty of matter for argument."—Anthony Quinton, Hibbert Journal
I. The Method of Extension and Intension 1. Preliminary Explanations 2. L-Concepts 3. Equivalence and L-Equivalence 4. Classes and Properties 5. Extensions and Intensions 6. Extensions and Intensions of Sentences 7. Individual Descriptions 8. Frege's Method for Descriptions 9. Extensions and Intensions of Individual Expressions 10. Variables 11. Extensional and Intensional Contexts 12. The Principles of Interchangeability 13. Sentences about Beliefs 14. Intensional Structure 15. Applications of the Concept of Intensional Structure 16. Lewis' Method of Meaning Analysis II. L-Determinacy 17. L-Determinate Designators 18. The Problem of L-Determinacy of Individual Expressions 19. Definition of L-Determinacy of Individual Expressions 20. L-Determinacy of Predicators 21. Logical and Descriptive Signs 22. L-Determinate Intensions 23. Reduction of Extensions to Intensions III. The Method of the Name-Relation 24. The Name-Relation 25. An Ambiguity in the Method of the Name-Relation 26. The Unnecessary Duplication of Names 27. Names of Classes 28. Frege's Distinction between Nominatum and Sense 29. Nominatum and Sense: Extension and Intension 30. The Disadvantages of Frege's Method 31. The Antinomy of the Name-Relation 32. Solutions of the Antinomy IV. On Metalanguages for Semantics 33. The Problem of a Reduction of the Entities 34. The Neutral Metalanguage M' 35. M' Is Not Poorer than M 36. Neutral Variables in M' 37. On the Formulation of Semantics in the Neutral Metalanguage M' 38. On the Possibility of an Extensional Metalanguage for Semantics V. On the Logic of Modalities 39. Logical Modalities 40. Modalities and Variables 41. Semantical Rules for the Modal System S 42. Modalities in the Word Language 43. Modalities and Variables in the Word Language 44. Quine on Modalities 45. Conclusions Supplement A. Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology B. Meaning of Postulates C. On Belief-Sentences. Reply to Alonzo Church D. Meaning and Synonymy in Natural Languages E. On Some Concepts of Pragmatics Bibliography Index
