Metaphors We Live By
This arresting book will make you think, in a whole new way, about the language we use. For metaphors are not mere poetical or rheotrical embellishments, Lakoff and Johnson hold, but are a part of everyday speech that affects the ways in which we perceive, think, and act. Reality itself is defined by metaphor, and as metaphors vary from culture to culture, so do the realities they define.
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The now-classic Metaphors We Live By changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"-metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them.In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book, the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language.
PrefaceAcknowledgments1Concepts We Live By32The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts73Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding104Orientational Metaphors145Metaphor and Cultural Coherence226Ontological Metaphors257Personification338Metonymy359Challenges to Metaphorical Coherence4110Some Further Examples4611The Partial Nature of Metaphorical Structuring5212How Is Our Conceptual System Grounded?5613The Grounding of Structural Metaphors6114Causation: Partly Emergent and Partly Metaphorical6915The Coherent Structuring of Experience7716Metaphorical Coherence8717Complex Coherences across Metaphors9718Some Consequences for Theories of Conceptual Structure10619Definition and Understanding11520How Metaphor Can Give Meaning to Form12621New Meaning13922The Creation of Similarity14723Metaphor, Truth, and Action15624Truth15925The Myths of Objectivism and Subjectivism18526The Myth of Objectivism in Western Philosophy and Linguistics19527How Metaphor Reveals the Limitations of the Myth of Objectivism21028Some Inadequacies of the Myth of Subjectivism22329The Experientialist Alternative: Giving New Meaning to the Old Myths22630Understanding229Afterword239References241
