Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics (Revised Edition)
The book is the culmination of the authors' many years of teaching and research in atomic physics, nuclear and particle physics, and modern physics. It is also a crystallization of their intense passion and strong interest in the history of physics and the philosophy of science.\ The book gives students a broad perspective of the current understandings of the basic structures of matter from atoms, nuclei to leptons, quarks, and gluons along with the essential introductory quantum mechanics...
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The book is the culmination of the authors' many years of teaching and research in atomic physics, nuclear and particle physics, and modern physics. It is also a crystallization of their intense passion and strong interest in the history of physics and the philosophy of science.The book gives students a broad perspective of the current understandings of the basic structures of matter from atoms, nuclei to leptons, quarks, and gluons along with the essential introductory quantum mechanics and special relativity. Fundamentals aside, the book retrospects the historical development and examines the challenging future directions of nuclear and particle physics. Interwoven within the content are up-to-date examples of very recent developments and future plans that show in detail how the techniques and ideas of atomic, nuclear, and particle physics have been used and are being used to solve important problems in basic and applied areas of physics, chemistry, and biology that are closely linked to the prevailing major societal problems ins medicine, energy resources, new custom-made materials and environmental pollution, as well as areas that encroach broad cultural and historical interests. The uncertain path of success and failure, opportunities seized and missed, and the axiom of probability and scientists' intuition in the unfolding human drama o scientific discovery are vividly presented. Throughout the highly perception book, readers, especially the students are encouraged to reflect on problems and ask questions.
Preface xiIntroduction 11 Theory of Relativity 91.1 Special Relativity 91.2 General Relativity 30Appendix 1A Four-Vector Notation 34Problems 352 The Configuration of the Atom: Rutherford's Model 372.1 The Background 372.2 The Emergence of the Rutherford Model 442.3 Rutherford Scattering Formula 482.4 The Experimental Verification of the Rutherford Formula 562.5 Summary of the Significances and Difficulties of a Nuclear Model 60Appendix 2A Central Forces 63Appendix 2B Electric Units 66Appendix 2C The Derivation of Rutherford's Formula in the Laboratory System 67Problems 683 Quantum States of Atoms: The Bohr Model 713.1 Background 713.2 The Bohr Model 833.3 Experimental Evidence I: Spectra 903.4 Experimental Evidence II: Franck-Hertz Experiment 983.5 Extension: Bohr-Sommerfeld Model 1043.6 Summary 116Problems 1174 Fine Structure in Atomic Spectra: Electron Spin 1204.1 Magnetic Moment Produced by the Electron Orbital Motion in an Atom 1214.2 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 1264.3 The Hypothesis of Electron Spin 1304.4 Doublet Lines of Alkali Metals 1384.5 The Zeeman Effect 1454.6 Summary of the Hydrogen Energy Spectrum 1614.7 Summary 166Appendix 4A Dipole Moment 167Appendix 4B Magnetic Resonance 170Problems 1825 Atoms Containing Many Electrons: The Pauli Exclusion Principle 1845.1 The Spectra and Energy Levels of Helium 1855.2 The Coupling of the Two Electrons 1875.3 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 1925.4 The Periodic Table of the Elements 1995.5 Summary 215Problems 2166 X-Rays 2196.1 The Discovery of X-Rays and their Wave Nature 2196.2 Mechanisms for Producing X-Rays 2316.3 Compton Scattering 2456.4 The Absorption of X-Rays 2556.5 Summary 268Problems 2697 Introductory Quantum Mechanics I: Concepts 2737.1 The Difficulty of the Bohr Theory 2767.2 Wave-Particle Dualism 2767.3 Uncertainty Relations 2897.4 The Wavefunction and its Statistical Explanation 2967.5 Summary 312Appendix 7A The Symmetry of the Wavefunction and the Pauli Extension Principle 312Appendix 7B Einstein's A and B Coefficients 316Appendix 7C Selection Rules for Transitions 320Appendix 7D The Principles of Lasers 322Problems 3288 Introductory Quantum Mechanics II: The Schrödinger Equation 3318.1 Schrödinger Equation 3318.2 Average Value and Operator 3488.3 The Solution of the Schrödinger Equation of the Hydrogen Atom 353Appendix 8A Harmonic Oscillator Solution 367Problems 3719 Basic Concepts of Nuclear Physics 3749.1 The Nucleus of the Atom 3749.2 Nuclear Ground State Properties 3829.3 Nuclear Ground State Spins and Moments 3949.4 Summary 399Problems 40010 Radioactive Decay 40210.1 Radioactive Decay Laws 40210.2 Alpha, Proton, Heavy Cluster and Spontaneous Fission Decays 41710.3 Beta Decay 43110.4 Gamma Decay, Internal Conversion and Pair Production 45310.5 Summary 472Appendix 10A Theory of Beta Decay 473Problems 48511 Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Models 48811.1 Nuclear Forces 48811.2 Nuclear Models 49411.3 Toward a Unified Model Description of Nuclei 52511.4 Summary 556Problems 55812 Nuclear Interactions and Reactions 56012.1 Introduction to Nuclear Interactions and Reactions 56012.2 Reaction Kinematics 56512.3 Coulomb Excitation, Compound Nucleus Reactions, and Other Reactions 57312.4 Fission and Fusion: Atomic Energy Utilization 58512.5 Some Selected Applications of Nuclear Physics 60412.6 Summary 619Problems 62013 Hyperfine Interactions 62213.1 Introduction 62213.2 Magnetic Dipole Hyperfine Interaction 62413.3 Electric Quadrupole Hyperfine Interaction 63413.4 Isotope Shift 63813.5 Summary 646Problems 64714 High-Energy Physics 64914.1 Toward a Deeper Stratum 64914.2 Particle Families and Interactions 65914.3 Conservation Rules 67214.4 The Quark Model Problems 704Appendix I Ion Beam Analysis 707Appendix II Table of Isotopes 727Appendix III The 2006 Recommended Values of the Physical Constants 755Appendix IV Tables of Atomic-Electron Binding Energies and X-Ray Energies and Intensities 757Index 775
