Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents

Working Table of Contents [Accurate for Prologue-Ch.10; Ch11 and Epilogue are tentative. Items in brackets—C-heads and Notes—will not set in final front matter.]Preface List of Photos and Maps  PROLOGUE. THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE MIDDLE EAST AND PALESTINE TO 1517ANCIENT ISRAEL AND PALESTINE TO THE COMING OF ISLAM      Political Fragmentation And Rebellion To The Roman Period     Palestine Under Roman And Byzantine Rule THE ARABS AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM      Islam and Its Relationship To Judaism and Christianity PALESTINE UNDER MUSLIM RULE TO 1517CHRONOLOGY[NOTES] 1. OTTOMAN SOCIETY, PALESTINE, AND THE ORIGINS OF ZIONISM, 1516-1914COMMERCIAL RELATIONS AND MILITARY DECLINE, 1500-1800REGIONAL STRIFE, IMPERIAL INTERVENTIONS, AND OTTOMAN RETRACTION, 1800-1914OTTOMAN SOCIETY IN AN AGE OF REFORM EUROPEAN INROADS AND COMMUNIAL TENSIONS TO MID-CENTURYPALESTINE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Changing Patterns: Trade, Land, Agriculture, and Population         [Palestinian Notables and Absentee Landowners]         [Palestinian Agricultural Productivity]         [Tourists and Immigrants]         [Population and Identity]ZIONISM: ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT TO 1914 The Jews of Western Europe Eastern European Jewry and the Rise of Zionism         [The Origins of Zionism]         [Bilu and Hibbat Zion] Theodore Herzl and the Zionist Movement to 1914         [Herzl and the World Zionist Organization]         [Militant Zionism: The Second Aliya]THE ARAB RESPONSE TO ZIONISM Ottoman Policies and Jewish Land Purchases Growing Apprehension: Palestine and the Arab World CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 1.1 Working-Class Conditions, 1838 and 1873—Greater SyriaDOCUMENT 1.2 The Islahat Fermani [Hatti Humayoun] of February 1856 DOCUMENT 1.3 Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), 1896 DOCUMENT 1.4 Theodor Herzl, “Who Fears a State?” from Die Welt, February 18, 1898 DOCUMENT 1.5 The Basel Program, 1897  2. WORLD WAR I, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS, 1914–1921 WORLD WAR I: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE EUROPEAN POWERS British Imperial Objectives          [Gallipoli and Imperial Bargaining]         [The De Bunsen Committee]BRITAIN, THE ARABS, AND THE HUSAYN-MCMAHON CORRESPONDENCE, 1915–1916 The Lure of an Arab Revolt The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence: Defining the Terms McMahon’s Deception: The Roots of Arab Bitterness ANGLO-FRENCH INTERESTS AND THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT  Spheres of Control and Influence British Evaluation of Their Commitments BRITAIN, PALESTINE, AND THE BALFOUR DECLARATION  Chaim Weizmann and British Politics British War Aims and Palestine Negotiating the Text GOALS VERSUS PROMISES: THE EUROPEAN POWERS, ZIONISM, AND THE ARABS, 1917–1918  Reassuring Sharif Husayn Syria and “Self-Determination” Zionist-Arab Fears: The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS AND THE MANDATE SYSTEM Faysal and the British-French Struggle for Syria Wilson, the League of Nations, and the Mandate System Postwar Crises and the Creation of Transjordan CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 2.1 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, July 1915–January 1916 DOCUMENT 2.2 Drafts and Final Text of the Balfour Declaration DOCUMENT 2.3 The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement, January 3, 1919 DOCUMENT 2.4 Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, July 2, 1919 DOCUMENT 2.5 Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, January 1920 DOCUMENT 2.6 The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922  3. PALESTINE BETWEEN THE WARS: Zionism, the Palestinian Arabs, and the British Mandate, 1920–1939 THE FIRST PHASE: HOPES FULFILLED AND DASHED, 1918–1920 POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE PALESTINIAN-ARAB AND ZIONIST COMMUNITIES Palestinian Arabs and British Policies                    [The Legislative Council Plans]                    [Palestinian Arab Rivalries] Zionist Leadership in Palestine and Abroad                    [Weizmann and the Jewish Agency]                    [Palestinian Jews and Labor Zionism]                    [Ben-Gurion Triumphs: Mapai and the Histadrut]                    [Revisionist Zionism Challenges Labor]        [Agudat Israel]JEWS AND ARABS UNDER THE MANDATE: THE CLASH OF CONFLICTING ASPIRATIONS The Land Question                    [Patterns of Land Ownership]                    [Zionist Land Purchases]                    [The Landless Arab Problem] The Conflict over the Western Wall, 1928-1929 Investigations and Retractions: The Passfield White Paper EUROPEAN CRISES AND THEIR REPERCUSSIONS: YISHUV EXPANSION AND ARAB REBELLION The Arab Revolt: Its Roots and Impact on Palestine                     [Zionism and the Arab Economy]                    [Arab Factions Emerge]                    [Al-Qassam and the Outbreak of Violence]                    [The Peel Commission and Partition]                    [The Second Stage of the Revolt]                    [The Legacy of the Revolt]BRITAIN RETHINKS ITS OBLIGATIONS: THE 1939 WHITE PAPER Palestine in British Strategy Partition Foiled: The Woodhead Commission The St. James Conference The 1939 White Paper GREAT BRITAIN AND PALESTINE ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR II CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 3.1 The Churchill White Paper, July 1, 1922 DOCUMENT 3.2 Palestine Royal (Peel) Commission Report, July 1937 DOCUMENT 3.3 The 1939 White Paper  4. WORLD WAR II AND THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL, 1939–1949 PALESTINE, ZIONISM, AND THE WAR EFFORT, 1939–1945 World War II and the Middle East Palestine: Jewish Immigration and the British Response The Jewish Division and the Question of Jewish Military Capabilities The Biltmore Conference and Its Consequences The White Paper, Partition, and Britain’s Place in the Middle East, 1942-1945 Jewish Terrorism, the Hagana, and the British, 1940-1945 Palestinian Arab Leadership and the Question of Arab Unity, 1939-1945                    [Arab Society]                    [Arab Nationalism and Regional Rivalries] THE END OF THE MANDATE AND THE CREATION OF ISRAEL, 1945–1949 The Middle East and Postwar Tensions: Origins of the Cold War Anglo-American Perspectives on Palestine Great Britain, the United States, and Zionism, July 1945-February 1947                    [British Aims and Zionist Resistance]                    [The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry]                    [The Morrison-Grady Committee]                    [Zionist Terrorism, British Crackdown, and American Politics]                    [Britain Abdicates: The London Conference, February 1947] UNSCOP and United Nations’ Ratification of Partition, February-November 1947                    [The UNSCOP Committee Hearings and Recommendations]                    [Palestine Partitioned: The U.N. Debate] The Battle for Palestine/Israel, December 1947-May 1948                    [Arab-Zionist Strife Erupts]                    [American Policy in Disarray]                    [Dayr Yasin and the Palestinian Refugees]                    [Ben-Gurion Proclaims the State of Israel] The Arab Israeli Wars and the Armistices, 1948-1949 CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 4.1 The “Final Solution”: Nazi Extermination of European Jewry DOCUMENT 4.2 UNSCOP’s Plan of Partition with Economic Union DOCUMENT 4.3 Jamal al-Husayni, Testimony on Palestinian Arab Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, September 29, 1947 DOCUMENT 4.4 Rabbi Hillel Silver, Testimony on Zionist Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, October 2, 1947 DOCUMENT 4.5 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948 DOCUMENT 4.6 King Abdullah’s Offer to the Zionists, May 1948 5. THE BEGINNING OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT: The Search for Security, 1949–1957 ISRAEL, THE ARAB STATES, AND THE PALESTINIAN/ISRAELI ARABS: 1949–1954  Israel: Government, Citizenship, and the Law Israeli Arabs: Dispossession and Isolation The Palestinian Refugees The Western Allies, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Israeli Views of Arabs and the World                    [Ben-Gurionist Activism]                    [Moshe Sharett and the Activists] The Arab States: Domestic Turmoil and Regional Rivalries                    [Arab Rivalries and the Struggle for Syria]                    [Nasser and the 1952 Egyptian Revolution]THE COLD WAR AND THE MIDDLE EAST: LOOKING FOR ALLIES, 1953–1955 Containment and the Northern Tier Concept The Baghdad Pact Israel, the Lavon Affair, and the Gaza Raid The Gaza Raid and the Czech Arms Deal Israel and France Draw Closer Border Clashes and Blockade of the Straits of Tiran COUNTDOWN TO SUEZ: FAILED DIPLOMACY AND DREAMS OF EMPIRE, JANUARY–NOVEMBER 1956 Carrots and Sticks: Projects and Peace Proposals                    [Project Alpha and the Anderson Mission]                    [Aswan Dam Project in Trouble] Nasser Nationalizes the Canal Invasion Plans Take Shape The Attacks and Their Aftermath CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 5.1 Letter on the Position of the Palestinian Refugees, November 17, 1949 DOCUMENT 5.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech Justifying Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, July 28, 1956 DOCUMENT 5.3 Golda Meir, Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, March 1, 1957  6. FROM SUEZ TO THE SIX-DAY WAR, 1957–1967 THE STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA AND THE CREATION OF THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, 1957–1958 The United States, Syria, and the Cold War The United Arab Republic: Conflict and Significance LEBANON: POLITICAL STRIFE, CIVIL WAR, AND REGIONAL CRISIS, 1957–1958 Maronite Catholics and Lebanese Political Alignments Lebanon’s Civil War and the Iraqi Revolution The Arab World in American Perspective: The Cold War Context INTER-ARAB AND ARAB-ISRAELI TENSIONS, 1958–1964 Nasser Strives to Dominate Arab Politics Water Wars: Israeli-Syrian Clashes and the Arab Response The Palestine Question in Arab Politics: The Palestine Liberation Organization and al-Fatah                    [PLO Initiatives and Arab Government Reactions]                    [Fatah: Background and Policies]                    [The Syrian-Fatah Alliance]                    [Jordan Between Arab Radicalism and Israeli Retaliation] ISRAELI POLITICS TO 1967 GREAT POWER RIVALRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO 1967 The United States between Israel and the Arabs Lyndon Johnson and Israel The Soviet Union and the Arab World THE CRISIS ESCALATES: MILITARY CLASHES, MISLEADING ASSURANCES, AND FAILED DIPLOMACY Syrian-Israeli Tensions and Threats The Egyptian Blockade of the Tiran Straits Israeli Debates: Eshkol and the Generals Israel Attacks: U.S. Assurances and the Pending Egyptian Peace Initiative THE SIX-DAY WAR: ISRAEL’S CONQUESTS AND AMERICAN EXPECTATIONS CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 6.1 Communiqué No. 1 from Headquarters of Asifa Forces (Fatah), January 6, 1965DOCUMENT 6.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech to Members of the Egyptian National Assembly, May 29, 1967 DOCUMENT 6.3 Abba Eban, Speech to the U.N. Security Council on Israel’s Reasons for Going to War, June 6, 1967  7. WAR AND THE SEARCH FOR PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1967–1976 THE SEARCH FOR NEGOTIATING LEVERAGE, 1967–1971 The Khartoum Conference Deliberate Ambiguity: Security Council Resolution 242PALESTINIAN AGENDAS AND THEIR REGIONAL REPERCUSSIONS             Jordan and the Palestinians             Palestinian Factions and the PLO             Lebanon, the Palestinians, and Israel WARS OF ATTRITION AND COLD WAR DIPLOMACY:  THE ROGERS PLAN Competing Agendas: Nixon Administration Rivalries and Middle East Policy Jordan and the Palestinians, August-September 1970 The Jordanian Crisis: Regional and International Repercussions THE 1973 WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES The Arabs: Seeking Responses to Signals Israel and the Politics of Expansion: The Galili Document The 1973 War: The Chance for Diplomacy                  [Kissinger’s Shuttle Diplomacy and the Partial Withdrawal Agreements]                  [Israeli Politics and Regional Diplomacy] Tactics and Ultimate Intentions: The PLO and Israel, 1973-1977                  [The Rabat Declaration: The PLO Debates Its Objectives]                   [PLO Vacillation and Israel’s Reply]CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 7.1 U.N. Security Council Resolution 242, November 22, 1967 DOCUMENT 7.2 The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council, July 1–17, 1968; PLO Resolution on Security Council Resolution 242, June 1974 DOCUMENT 7.3 U.N. Security Council Resolution 338, October 22, 1973 DOCUMENT 7.4 Yasir Arafat’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, November 13, 1974 DOCUMENT 7.5 Yosef Tekoah, Response to Arafat’s Address, November 13, 1974  8. LEBANON, THE WEST BANK, AND THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS: The Palestinian Equation in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1977–1984 THE LEBANESE CIVIL WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1975–1978 Roots of the Lebanese Conflict Arab Factions and Alignments vis-à-vis Syria and Israel U.S. Diplomacy and Regional Strife THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION AND CAMP DAVID,  JANUARY 1977–SEPTEMBER 1978 Carter’s Failed Attempts to Restructure Negotiating Parameters The Road to Camp David, November 1977-September 1978 Camp David Exchanges: The West Bank and the Gaza Strip The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty: The Carter Legacy THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT The Anti-Communist Crusade: The Middle East in Global Perspective West Bank and Israeli Arabs between Jordan and Israel, 1948-1977                     [The West Bank Economy Under Israeli Control]                    [Israeli West Bank Tactics and Domestic Politics]                    [Israeli Arabs in the Israeli State] Sharon’s Vision: Israel, Israeli Arabs, and the West Bank, 1977-1982 Begin and the West Bank after Camp David LEBANON: THE STRUGGLE FOR HEGEMONY The Phalange-Likud Alliance American Diplomacy and Its Impact The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon, August 1981-September 1982                   [Sharon’s Plan for Lebanon and the PLO]                   [U.S. Intervention and the Reagan Plan]                   [Gemayel’s Assassination and the Sabra-Shatila Massacres] America’s Lebanon Policy, September 1982-February 1984 LEBANON POSTSCRIPT, 1984–2006 CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 8.1 Platform of the Likud Coalition, March 1977 DOCUMENT 8.2 Anwar al-Sadat, Speech to the Israeli Knesset, November 20, 1977 DOCUMENT 8.3 Menachem Begin, Reply to President Sadat, November 20, 1977 DOCUMENT 8.4 A Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David, September 17, 1978  9. FROM PARIAH TO PARTNER: The PLO and the Quest for Peace in Global and Regional Contexts, 1984–1993 PEACE GAMBITS, TERRORISM, AND POLITICAL STRIFE, 1984–1987 Competing Agendas and Coalition Politics: Israel and the Jordanian Option Temporary Allies: The Husayn-Arafat Accord The United States and Israel: Cold War Calculations THE INTIFADA Roots of the Intifada The Gaza Strip Intifada: The First Two Years, December 1987-December 1989                  [The Israeli Perspective]                  [The Palestinian Response] The Intifada and Islamic Resistance The Intifada and International Politics, 1988-1991                  [The PNC Declaration of Palestinian Independence]                  [Shamir Strives to Derail Peace Efforts]                  [Washington Discards Arafat]THE FIRST GULF CRISIS The United States: Motives and Opportunities Arab and Israeli Reactions to the Gulf Crisis The Intifada, the Gulf Crisis, and the Negotiating Process DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT: THE MADRID TALKS, OCTOBER 1991–SUMMER 1993 CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 9.1 Communiqué No. 1 of the Intifada Issued by the Unified National Leadership, January 8, 1988 DOCUMENT 9.2 Leaflet No. 1 of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), January 1988  10. ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN/ARAB NEGOTIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS, 1993–1999 THE 1993 OSLO ACCORD The Terms Analysis of the Accord East Jerusalem and the Settlements THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF VIOLENCE Economic and Diplomatic Inequalities Prelude to Oslo 2 OSLO 2 AND THE RABIN ASSASSINATION Terms of the Agreement The Rabin Assassination FROM RABIN TO NETANYAHU: THE PERES GOVERNMENT AND LIKUD’S VICTORY, NOVEMBER 1995–MAY 1996 THE NETANYAHU GOVERNMENT, JUNE 1996–JULY 1999 Reciprocity and Confrontation The Hebron Agreement, January 1997 Palestinian Communal Tensions and Charges of Corruption The Mashal Affair The Wye Memorandum and the Collapse of the Netanyahu Coalition Jewish Communal Strife: The Culture War Intensifies DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL REALIGNMENTS, DECEMBER 1998–JULY 1999 CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY[NOTES]DOCUMENT 10.1 The Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles, Washington, D.C., September 13, 1993 DOCUMENT 10.2 The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (Oslo 2) on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, September 28, 1995  11. Is the Two-State Solution Dead?: Camp David 2000, Palestinian Rebellion, and Israeli Unilateralism, 1999–2009 PRELUDE TO CAMP DAVID: JULY 1999–JULY 2000 THE CAMP DAVID TALKS: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT WHAT HAPPENED AT CAMP DAVID? JULY 2000 Initial Negotiating Positions Barak’s Proposal and Clinton’s Role Conflicting Interpretations SUBSEQUENT DIPLOMACY The Clinton Parameters The Taba Discussions, January 2001 THE SECOND INTIFADA  The Initial Stage, September 2000-March 2001 The Political Context of the Intifada: Bush, Sharon, and Arafat Intensified Conflict and the Suicide Bombings: The Israeli Barrier IRAQ AND THE NEOCONSERVATIVE VISION OF A U.S.-ISRAELI STRATEGIC ALLIANCE OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL REPORTS AND PEACE EFFORTS, 2001–2005 The Sharm al-Sheikh Fact-Finding (Mitchell) Committee The Rose Garden Address, June 2002 The Road Map vs. the Rose Garden Address The Aqaba Summit, June 2003 The Geneva Initiative, October 2003 THE ISRAELI DISENGAGEMENT PLAN The Disengagement Plan and Israeli Politics Hamas, Fatah, and the Peace Process: Conflict and Fragmentation Israel, Gaza, and Lebanon: Rockets, Hostages, and Political Ambitions, 2006-2009THE ANNAPOLIS CONFERENCE, JIMMY CARTER’S PEACE MISSION, AND PRESIDENT BUSH’S SPEECH TO THE ISRAELI KNESSET: NOVEMBER 2007 – MAY 2008EVENTS LEADING TO ISRAEL’S INVASION OF GAZA, DECEMBER 2008 CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY NOTESDOCUMENT 11.1 “You’ll Miss Me Yet”: Interview with Marwan Barghouti, November 9, 2001 DOCUMENT 11.2 “The Urgent Thing, It Is to Unconditionally Disengage Ourselves from the Territories”: Interview with Ami Ayalon, December 22, 2001 DOCUMENT 11.3 Ariel Sharon’s Letter to George W. Bush Outlining the Disengagement Plan, April 14, 2004 DOCUMENT 11.4 President Bush’s Reply to Ariel Sharon’s Letter, April 14, 2004 DOCUMENT 11.5 Ariel Sharon’s Disengagement Plan: Key Principles, April 2004 DOCUMENT 11.6 Arab Peace Plan proposed by Saudi Arabia and adopted at Arab League Summit, Beirut, 2002DOCUMENT 11.7 Remarks by Secretary Hillary Clinton, February 27, 2009EPILOGUE Glossary Selected Bibliography Index Chronology