Perspective Drawing Handbook
Concise, thoughtfully written text on drawing and sketching, accompanied by more than 150 simply drawn illustrations, provides important information on such subjects as diminution, foreshortening, convergence, shade and shadow, and other visual principles of perspective. Illustrations depict a sense of space and depth, demonstrate vanishing points and eye level.
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Concise, thoughtfully written text on drawing and sketching, accompanied by more than 150 simply drawn illustrations, provides important information on such subjects as diminution, foreshortening, convergence, shade and shadow, and other visual principles of perspective. Illustrations depict a sense of space and depth, demonstrate vanishing points and eye level.
Introduction8Chapter 1Fundamentals9Diminution9Foreshortening10Convergence11Overlapping ... Shades and Shadows12Color and Value Perspective ... Detail and Pattern Perspective ... Focus Effect13Professional Applications of Fundamentals14Chapter 2Reality and Appearance15In Perspective Drawing You Draw What You See, Not Your Idea or Mental Image of the Subject15Reality and Appearance--Example: United Nations Buildings from Different Viewpoints16Reality and Appearance--Example: Park Bench from Different Viewpoints17Chapter 3How We See for Perspective Drawing18Cone of Vision ... Central Visual Ray ... Picture Plane18Basis of Perspective--Lines of Sight Through a Picture Plane19Chapter 4Why Appearance Differs from Reality--Theory20"Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution20"Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Diminution and Convergence21"Lines of Sight Through Picture Plane" Applied to Foreshortening and Overlapping22Chapter 5Principal Aids: Vanishing Points and Eye Level (Horizon Line)23Aid No. 1Vanishing Points--All Lines which in Reality are Parallel will Converge toward a Single Vanishing Point23Vanishing Points (cont.)--When There are Many Sets of Parallel Lines going in Different Directions, Each will Converge toward its own Vanishing Point24Professional Examples25Aid No. 2Eye Level (Horizon Line)--All Horizontal Lines Converge to a Single Horizontal Vanishing Line26What Locates the Vanishing Line for All Horizontal Lines?27Why the Observer's Eye Level Dictates the Horizontal Vanishing Line--Theory28What Locates the Vanishing Point of a Particular Set of Parallel Lines?29Why the "Parallel Pointing" Method of Locating Vanishing Points is Important30Nature's Horizon Always Appears at Observer's Eye Level. Therefore, it Can be Used as the Vanishing Line for Horizontal Lines31Why Nature's Horizon Appears at Observer's Eye Level--Theory32What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up?33Professional Examples34What Happens to Eye Level (Horizon Line) When You Look Straight Out, Down or Up (cont.)?35Reasons for Choosing a Particular Eye Level (Horizon Line)36Chapter 6Drawing the Cube--Prerequisite to Understanding Perspective37Introduction37Looking Straight Out at the Cube38Professional Examples39Looking Down at the Cube40Professional Examples41Looking Up at the Cube42Professional Examples43Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings44Cube Studies Applied to Drawings of United Nations Buildings (cont.)45Many Cubes Oriented in the Same Direction Results in Only Two Sets of Converging Lines46Cubes Oriented in Many Directions Results in Many Sets of Converging Lines47Why a Thorough Knowledge of Simple Shapes is Important48Applications of the Basic Cube and Brick Shapes49Chapter 7"One-Point" and "Two-Point" Perspective--When and Why?50Introduction50Professional Examples51Distorted and Correct One-Point Perspective52Chapter 8More on Looking Up, Down, and Straight Ahead53Introduction53Things Seen by Looking Straight Out and Things Seen by Looking Up54Things Seen by Looking Down55Review: Looking Up, Straight Out, Down56Looking Straight Out57Chapter 9Perspective Distortion58Related to Vanishing Points and to Cone of Vision58Observer-Cone of Vision-Vanishing Points Relationship (Horizontal Distortion)59Vanishing Points Too Far Apart60Chapter 10Determining Heights and Widths61Height Lines61Heights Related to Eye Level1Heights When Observer is Standing622Heights When Observer is in Elevated Position633Heights When Observer is Sitting ...4Heights When Observer is Lying Down64Heights Outdoors ... and Indoors65Professional Examples66Determining Widths in Perspective--Width Lines67Chapter 11Determining Depths68Finding Center Points by Diagonals68Equal Spacing by Diagonals69Subdividing a Surface by Diagonals ... Dividing a Surface into Equal Spaces by Using a Measuring Line and a Special Vanishing Point70Dividing a Surface into Unequal Spaces with a Measuring Line and Special Vanishing Point71Determining Depths and Widths of Room Interiors by the Measuring Line Method72Another Way of Getting Depths: The Sliding Ruler and Diagonals Method73Drawing Equal-Sized but Unequally-Spaced Elements--Vanishing Point of Diagonals Method74Diagonals as an Aid in Drawing Concentric and Symmetrical Patterns on Rectangles and Squares75Any Design or Pattern can be Reproduced in Perspective by Means of a Grid that Locates its Important Points76Chapter 12Inclined Planes77Introduction77Vertical Vanishing Line and Horizon Line are Based on Same Theory and Serve Similar Purposes78Uphill and Downhill (Inclined Planes)79Some Applications of Inclined Plane Perspective80Chapter 13Circles, Cylinders and Cones81Circles and Ellipses81Drawing the Ellipse82The Center of a Circle Drawn in Perspective Does Not Lie on the Corresponding Ellipse's Major Axis83Cylinders84Cones85Professional Applications86Chapter 14Shade and Shadow87Introduction87Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Parallel to Observer's Face88Application Sketches89Parallel Light Rays (Sunlight) Oblique to Observer's Face90Parallel Light Rays Oblique to Observer's Face (cont.)91Application Sketches92Professional Examples93Shade and Shadow Created by Local Point Sources of Light94Application Sketches95Professional Example96
