Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications
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Considered one of the major fields of photonics, plasmonics offers the potential to confine and guide light below the diffraction limit and promises a new generation of highly miniaturized photonic devices. Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications provides both a comprehensive introduction to the field and an extensive overview of the current state of the art.The first part of the book describes the fundamentals of this research area, starting with a review of Maxwell's equations in a form suited to the description of metals. Subsequent chapters introduce the two major ingredients of plasmonics, surface plasmon polaritons at metallic interfaces and localized plasmons in nanostructures. The mathematics of their description, excitation and imaging of the modes are discussed. This part closes with a presentation of electromagnetic surface waves at lower frequencies in the THz and microwave regime, comprising both spoof or designer plasmons and surface phonon polaritons.Building on the fundamentals, the second part discusses some of the most prominent applications of plasmons: Plasmon waveguides, extraordinary transmission through aperture arrays, sensing and surface enhanced Raman scattering, spectroscopy as well as metamaterials. Exemplary studies in each of these fields taken from the original literature are presented.
Dedication vList of Figures xiForeword xixPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxvFundamentals of PlasmonicsIntroduction 3Electromagnetics of Metals 5Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 5The Dielectric Function of the Free Electron Gas 11The Dispersion of the Free Electron Gas and Volume Plasmons 15Real Metals and Interband Transitions 17The Energy of the Electromagnetic Field in Metals 18Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal/Insulator Interfaces 21The Wave Equation 21Surface Plasmon Polaritons at a Single Interface 25Multilayer Systems 30Energy Confinement and the Effective Mode Length 34Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces 39Excitation upon Charged Particle Impact 39Prism Coupling 42Grating Coupling 44Excitation Using Highly Focused Optical Beams 47Near-Field Excitation 48Coupling Schemes Suitable for Integration with Conventional Photonic Elements 50Imaging SurfacePlasmon Polariton Propagation 53Near-Field Microscopy 53Fluorescence Imaging 57Leakage Radiation 59Scattered Light Imaging 62Localized Surface Plasmons 65Normal Modes of Sub-Wavelength Metal Particles 66Mie Theory 72Beyond the Quasi-Static Approximation and Plasmon Lifetime 73Real Particles: Observations of Particle Plasmons 77Coupling Between Localized Plasmons 80Void Plasmons and Metallic Nanoshells 85Localized Plasmons and Gain Media 87Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies 89Surface Plasmon Polaritons at THz Frequencies 90Designer Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Corrugated Surfaces 93Surface Phonon Polaritons 101ApplicationsIntroduction 107Plasmon Waveguides 109Planar Elements for Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation 110Surface Plasmon Polariton Band Gap Structures 114Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation Along Metal Stripes 116Metal Nanowires and Conical Tapers for High-Confinement Guiding and Focusing 124Localized Modes in Gaps and Grooves 129Metal Nanoparticle Waveguides 131Overcoming Losses Using Gain Media 138Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films 141Theory of Diffraction by Sub-Wavelength Apertures 141Extraordinary Transmission Through Sub-Wavelength Apertures 144Directional Emission Via Exit Surface Patterning 150Localized Surface Plasmons and Light Transmission Through Single Apertures 153Emerging Applications of Extraordinary Transmission 157Transmission of Light Through a Film Without Apertures 157Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities 159SERS Fundamentals 159SERS in the Picture of Cavity Field Enhancement 163SERS Geometries 165Enhancement of Fluorescence 170Luminescence of Metal Nanostructures 173Enhancement of Nonlinear Processes 175Spectroscopy and Sensing 177Single-Particle Spectroscopy 178Surface-Plasmon-Polariton-Based Sensors 188Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons 193Metamaterials and Negative Index at Optical Frequencies 194The Perfect Lens, Imaging and Lithography 198Concluding Remarks 201References 203Index 221
