Preface ixThe Representative Democratic Accountability Feedback Loop 3Orthodoxy 3The Loop Model of Democracy 4The Folly of Binding Behavior by Writing Rules 9Quixotic Mainstream Reforms 11Positivism in Public Administration 12The Problem in Practice 12Persistent Problems That Stem from Positivist Influence 16Falsifiability 18Self-Referential Systems 20Deconstructing the Loop Model 21Presence and Representation 23Representation in a Symbolic System 24Symbols Unmoored 27Alternatives to Orthodoxy 29Neoliberalism 30Privatization, Contracting Out, and Performance Assessment 30Critique of Neoliberalism 35The Constitutionalist Alternative 40Rohr's Thesis 40Critique of Constitutionalism 42Communitarian/Citizen Alternative 45Communitarianism: Bedrock View 46Communitarianism: Criticisms and Responses 48Hyperreality 55Instability and Incommensurability 55Unstable Signs Leading to a Virtual Reality 56Stable Communication/Epiphenomenalism 57Referents Yield to Self-Referential Signs 60The Thinning of Reality 64Neotribalism and the Decentered Self 66Otherness and Incommensurability 67Fractions and Fragments 69Symbolic Politics 70Symbolic Politics Ascendant 71Corporate Talk 73Suppression of Discussion Regarding Public Concerns 75Hyperreality Versus the Alternatives 77Neoliberalism as Free Market Sloganeering 77Foundationalism of Constitutionalism 78Community as Sovereign 78A Place for Discourse? 80The Social Construction of Government 82Constructivist Social Theory 82Constructivism and Structuration Theory 83Using Constructivism to Deconstruct the "Conflated Aggregation" Bureaucracy 87Governmentality 88Governmental Rationality 88Subjectification 95Ideographic Discourse 100Symbols as Ordering Devices 100Symbols and Metaphors 101Physics and Metaphors 102Ideography 105Subjective Reality as Pictured Objects 106Ideograph as Unit of Analysis 107Derrida and the Reality of the Image 108Relief from Dissonance 110The Struggle for Meaning Capture in the Public Sphere 111Events, Impasses, and the Authority of the Archives 112Metaphors, Frames, and Ideographs 112Theory/Practice 113Ideographic Events 118From Top-Down Bureaucracy to Bottom-Up Events 119The Spark of Difference 119Conclusion 121Orthodoxy and Its Alternatives 122Deconstructing the Loop Model of Democracy 122Neoliberalism: The Reform That Hates Government 124Constitutionalism 124Communitarianism 215Media-Infused Hyperreality 125Constructivism and Governmentality 126Recursive Practices 126Governmentality 127A Field of Political Contestation 128Symbolization 128The Momentous Event 129The Changing Game 129Decoherence 133Implications 136References 139Name Index 149Subject Index 153About the Authors 157