PrefaceReferencesMapsTime LineAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1The Milesians9Thales9Anaximander11Anaximenes14Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism17Philolaus22Xenophanes25Heraclitus29Parmenides43The Pluralists: Anaxagoras and Empedocles53Anaxagoras53Empedocles60Zeno of Elea73Atomism: Leucippus and Democritus79Melissus89Diogenes of Apollonia93The Sophists97Protagoras98Gorgias99Antiphon104Critias107Suggestions for Further Reading109Concordance and Sources113