Read, Reason, Write

CONTENTSPrefaceSECTION 1 CRITICAL READING AND ANALYSISChapter 1 WRITERS AND THEIR SOURCES Reading, Writing, and the Contexts of ArgumentResponses to Sources Abraham Lincoln, “The Gettysburg Address” The Response to Content The Analytic Response The Judgment or Evaluation Response The Research Response Deborah Tannen, “Who Does the Talking Here?” Active Reading: Use Your Mind! Guidelines for Active Reading Richard Morin, “Political Ads and the Voters They Attract” Understanding Your Sources Writing Summaries Guidelines for Writing Summaries Acknowledging Sources Informally References to People References to Sources Joel Achenbach, “The Future Is Now” Presenting Direct Quotations: A Guide for Form and Style Reasons for Using Quotation Marks A Brief Guide to Quoting For Reading and Analysis Howard Gardner, “The End of Literacy? Don’t Stop Reading” Azar Nafisi, “Words of War” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingChapter 2 RESPONDING TO SOURCES: ANALYZING ANDEVALUATING Traits of the Critical Reader/Thinker Examining the Rhetorical Context of a Source Who is the Author? What is the Occasion That Has Led to the Work? What type of source—or genre—is it? What Is the Author’s Primary Purpose in Writing? What Are the Author’s Sources of Information? Analyzing the Style of a Source Denotative and Connotative Word Choice Tone Sentence Structure Metaphors Organization and Examples Repetition Hyperbole, Understatement, and Irony Dave Barry, “Remote Control” Writing about Style Understanding Your Purpose and Audience Planning the Essay Drafting the Style Analysis A Checklist for Revision Ellen Goodman, “In Praise of a Snail’s Pace” Student Essay (on Goodman’s essay) Analyzing Two or More Sources Guidelines for Preparing a Contrast Essay Kent Garber, “Eyeing the Oil Under the Gulf” Bob Keefe, “National Debate: Weighing Advances vs. Fears” For Reading and Analysis Andrew Vachss, “Watch Your Language” George Orwell, “A Hanging” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingSECTION 2 THE WORLD OF ARGUMENTChapter 3 UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS OF ARGUMENT Characteristics of Argument Argument Is Conversation with a Goal Argument Debates an Arguable Issue Argument Uses Reasons and Evidence Argument Incorporates Values Argument Recognizes a Topic’s Complexity The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Aristotle Ethos (About the Writer/Speaker) Logos (About the Logic of the Argument) Pathos (About Appeals to the Audience) Karios (About the Occasion or Situation) The Language of Argument Facts Inferences Judgments Sam Wang and Sandra Aamodt, “Your Brain Lies to You” The Shape of Argument: What We Can Learn from Toulmin Claims Grounds (or Data or Evidence) Warrants Backing Qualifiers Rebuttals Using Toulmin’s Terms to Analyze Arguments Les Schobert, “Let the Zoo’s Elephants Go” Using Toulmin’s Terms as a Guide to Organizing Arguments For Debate T. R. Reid, “Let My Teenager Drink” Joseph A. Califano, Jr., ‘Don’t Make Teen Drinking Easier” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingChapter 4 WRITING EFFECTIVE ARGUMENTS Know Your Audience Who Is My Audience? What Will My Audience Know about My Topic? Where Does My Audience Stand on the Issue? How Should I Address My Audience? Understand Your Writing Purpose What Type (Genre) of Work Am I Preparing? What Is My Goal? Will the Rogerian or Conciliatory Approach Work for Me? Move from Topic to Claim to Possible Support Selecting a Topic Drafting a Claim Listing Possible Grounds Listing Grounds for the Other Side or Another Perspective Planning the Approach Draft Your Argument Guidelines for Drafting Revise Your Draft Rewriting Editing A Few Words about Words and Tone Proofreading A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate Tunhu Varadarajan, “That Feeling of Being under Suspicion” Colbert I. King, “You Can’t Fight Terrorism with Racism” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingChapter 5 LEARNING MORE ABOUT ARGUMENT: INDUCTION, DEDUCTION, ANALOGY, AND LOGICAL FALLACIES Induction Mark A. Norell and Xu Xing, “The Varieties of Tyrannosaurs” Deduction “The Declaration of Independence” Analogy Zbigniew Brzezinski, “War and Football” Logical Fallacies Causes of Illogic Fallacies of Oversimplifying (Problems with Logos) Fallacies of Avoiding the Issue (Problems with Ethos or Pathos) For Analysis Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Declaration of Sentiments” Gregory Rodriguez, “Mongrel America”Chapter 6 READING, ANALYZING, AND USING VISUALS AND STATISTICS IN ARGUMENT Responding to Visual Arguments Guidelines for Analyzing Photographs Guidelines for Analyzing Political Cartoons Guidelines for Analyzing Advertisements Reading Graphics: Diagrams, Tables, Charts, and Graphs Differences among Graphics Guidelines for Reading Graphic The Uses of Authority and Statistics Judging Authorities Understanding and Evaluating StatisticsGuidelines for Evaluating Statistics Writing the Investigative Argument Gathering and Analyzing Evidence Planning and Drafting the Essay Guidelines for Writing an Investigative Argument Analyzing the Evidence: The Key to an Effective Argument Preparing Graphics A Checklist for Revision Student Essay: “Buying Time” by Garrett Berger For Reading and Analysis Joe Navarro, “Every Body’s Talking: Nonverbals Speak Loudly” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingSECTION 3 STUDYING SOME ARGUMENTS BY GENREChapter 7 DEFINITION ARGUMENTS Defining as Part of an Argument When Defining Is the Argument Strategies for Developing an Extended Definition Guidelines for Evaluating Definition Arguments Preparing a Definition Argument A Checklist for Revision Student Essay: “Laura Mullins, “Paragon or Parasite?” For Analysis and Debate Susan Jacoby, “Best Is the New Worst” Robin Givhan, “Glamour, That Certain Something” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingChapter 8 EVALUATION ARGUMENTS Types of Evaluation Arguments Guidelines for Analyzing an Evaluation Argument Preparing an Evaluation Argument A Checklist for Revision Student Review: Ian Habel, “Winchester’s Alchemy: Two Men and a Book” Evaluating an Argument: The Rebuttal or Refutation Essay Guidelines for Preparing a Refutation Annotated Refutation: David Sadker, “Gender Games” For Analysis and Debate Robert H. Bork, “Addicted to Health” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingChapter 9 THE POSITION PAPER: CLAIMS OF VALUE Characteristics of the Position Paper Guidelines for Analyzing a Claim of Value Preparing a Position Paper A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate Joseph Bernstein, “Animal Rights v. Animal Research: A Modest Proposal” Timothy Sprigge, “A Reply to Joseph Bernstein” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingChapter 10 ARGUMENTS ABOUT CAUSE Characteristics of Causal Arguments Mill’s Methods for Investigating Causes Guidelines for Analyzing Causal Arguments Preparing a Causal Argument A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate Lester C. Thurow, “Why Women Are Paid Less Than Men” Gloria Steinem, “Supremacy Crimes” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingChapter 11 PRESENTING PROPOSALS: THE PROBLEM/SOLUTION ARGUMENT Characteristics of Problem/Solution Arguments Guidelines for Analyzing Problem/Solution Arguments James Q. Wilson, ‘A New Strategy for the War on Drugs”Preparing a Problem/Solution Argument A Checklist for Revision For Analysis and Debate Irshed Manji, “When Denial Can Kill” Jonathan Swift, “A Modest Proposal” Suggestions for Discussion and WritingSECTION 4 THE RESEARCHED AND FORMALLY DOCUMENTED ARGUMENTChapter 12 LOCATING, EVALUATING, AND PREPARING TO USE SOURCES Selecting a Good Topic What Type of Research Essay Am I Preparing? Who Is My Audience? How Can I Select a Good Topic? What Kinds of Topics Should I Avoid? Writing a Tentative Claim or Research Proposal Preparing a Working Bibliography Basic Form for Books Basic Form for Articles Locating Sources The Book Catalog The Reference Collection Electronic Databases The Internet Field Research Evaluating Sources, Maintaining Credibility Guidelines for Evaluating SourcesChapter 13 WRITING THE RESEARCHED ESSAY Avoiding Plagiarism What Is Common Knowledge? Using Signal Phrases to Avoid Misleading Readers Guidelines for Appropriately Using Sources Organizing the Paper The Formal Outline Drafting the Paper Revising the Paper: A Checklist The Completed Paper Sample Student Research EssayChapter 14 FORMAL DOCUMENTATION: MLA STYLE, APA STYLE OF DOCUMENTATION MLA In-Text (Parenthetical) Documentation MLA Citations for a “Works Cited” Page APA In-Text Documentation APA Citations for a “References” PageSECTION 5 A COLLECTION OF READINGSChapter 15 THE MEDIA: IMAGE AND REALITY Derrick Speight, “Of Losers and Moles: You Think Reality TV Just Writes Itself?”) Shelby Steele, “Notes from the Hip-Hop Underground” Stephen Hunter, “Leading Men: Looking at Presidential Contenders Through a Hollywood Lens” Peggy Noonan, “The Blogs Must Be Crazy” Katherine Ellison, “What’s Up, Doc? A Bloody Outrage, That’s What” Jean Kilbourne, “In Your Face . . . All over the Place!” Michelle Cottle, “Turning Goys into Girls”Chapter 16 THE ENVIRONMENT: HOW GREEN DO WE GO? Tom Toles, Cartoon on Global Warming Wecansolveit.org ad NRDC “Snake Oil” ad Michael Novacek, “The Sixth Extinction: It Happened to Him [Tyrannosaurus Rex]. It’s Happening to You.” James Howard Kunstler, “Wake Up, America. We’re Driving Toward Disaster” Charles Krauthammer, “Carbon Chastity” Wired Magazine, “Inconvenient Truths: Get Ready to Rethink What It Means to Be Green” Alex Steffen, “Counterpoint: Dangers of Focusing Solely on Climate Change” Anna Quindlen, “Don’t Mess with Mother”Chapter 17 SPORTS TALK—SPORTS BATTLES David Oliver Relin, “Who’s Killing Kids’ Sports?” Gordon Gee, “My Plan to Put the College Back in College Sports” Sally Jenkins, “Education, Athletics: The Odd Couple” William Saletan, “The Beam in Your Eye: If Steroids Are Cheating, Why Isn’t LASIK?” Michael Sokolove , “To the Victor, the Drug Test”NATURE, Editorial, “A Sporting Chance” Rosanna Tomiuk, “Bridging the Human Divide”Chapter 18 EDUCATION: WHAT’S HAPPENING ON CAMPUS? Ted Gup, “So Much for the Information Age” Barbara Ehrenreich, “Guys Just Want to Have Fun”David Cole, “Laptops vs. Learning” Fred von Lohmann, “Copyright Silliness on Campus” Katha Pollitt, “Sweatin’ to the Koran?” Harry Lewis, “A Separate and Unequal Exercise” Clive Thompson, “I’m So Totally, Digitally Close to You”Chapter 19 CENSORSHIP AND FREE SPEECH DEBATES Evan Goldstein, “Smoking in the Movies” Rich Tomaselli and T. L. Stanley, “Phillip Morris: No Smoking in Movies” Mark Mathabane, “If You Assign My Book, Don’t Censor It” Ken Dautrich and John Bare, “Why the First Amendment (and Journalism) Might Be in Trouble” Andrew J. McClurg, “Online Lessons on Unprotected Sex” Ann Applebaum, “Let a Thousand Filters Bloom” David McHardy Reid, “Business Is Business” Chapter 20 LAWS AND RIGHTS: CURRENT AND ENDURING DEBATES A Look at the Supreme Court Handgun Decision: 2nd amendment cartoon—Morin, MIAMI HERALD “The Court’s Handgun Common Sense”: Letters to the Editor Michael Hoxie and Molly Schindler Arthur Kellerman, “Guns for Safety? Dream on, Scalia”Linda J. Collier, “Adult Crime, Adult Time” Richard Cohen, “Kids Who Kill Are Still Kids” Michael Loud, “Tying Our Hands” Richard E. Mezo, “Why It Was Called ‘Water Torture’” Darius Rejali, “5 Myths about Torture and Truth”Chapter 21 MARRIAGE AND GENDER ISSUES: THE DEBATES CONTINUE Linda J. Waite, “Social Science Finds: ‘Marriage Matters’” Stuart Taylor, Jr., “Gay Marriage by Judicial Decree” Richard Just, “Justice Delivered”Michael Kinsley, “Abolish Marriage” Chong-Suk Han, “Gay Asian-American Male Seeks Home” Judith D. Auerbach, “The Overlooked Victims of AIDS” Leonard Sax, “Why Gender Matters”Chapter 22 GLOBALISM: HOW DO WE FIT IN? Thomas L. Friedman, “Understanding Globalization”David Brooks, “The Cognitive Age” David Rothkoff, “They’re Global Citizens. They’re Hugely Rich.And They Pull the Strings.” David Reiff, “Their Hearts and Minds?” Pranab Bardhan, “Inequality in India and China: Is Globalization to Blame?” Robert J. Samuelson, “Rx for Global Poverty” Fareed Zacaria, “The Post-American World”Chapter 23 THE AMERICAN DREAM: REALITY, MYTH, GOAL? Eugene Robinson, “Tattered Dream” Firoozeh Duman, “The ‘F Word’” E. J. Dionne, “The Engaged Generation” A Look at the Immigration Debate: Mae N. Nagi, “No Human Being Is Illegal” Marcela Sanchez, “Our Sad Neglect of Mexico” Amy Chua, “Immigrate, Assimilate” Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream”APPENDIX