The Bedford Introduction to Literature

Resources for Reading and Writing about Literature Preface for Instructors INTRODUCTION: READING IMAGINATIVE LITERATURE photo: John Cheever The Nature of Literature EMILY DICKINSON, A narrow Fellow in the Grass The Value of Literature The Changing Literary Canon FICTION The Elements of Fiction 1. Reading Fiction photo: Toni Cade Bambara photo: Kate Chopin Reading Fiction Responsively KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour photo: Kate Chopin A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "The Story of an Hour" A SAMPLE PAPER: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin’s "The Story of an Hour" Explorations and Formulas photo: Romance novel cover A COMPARISON OF TWO STORIES KAREN VAN DER ZEE, From A Secret Sorrow photo: Karen van der Zee GAIL GODWIN, A Sorrowful Woman photo: Gail Godwin PERSPECTIVES KAY MUSSELL, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive? THOMAS JEFFERSON, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES *GENE LUEN YANG, From American Born Chinese 2. Writing about Fiction photo: Alice Walker From Reading to Writing Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing A SAMPLE PAPER IN PROGRESS A First Response to A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman" Brainstorming A Sample Brainstorming List 52 Revising: First and Second Drafts A Sample First Draft: Separate Sorrows A Sample Second Draft: Separate Sorrows Final Paper Final Paper: Ful?llment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and "A Sorrowful Woman" 3. Plot photo: Stephen King photo: Ernest Hemingway EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, From Tarzan of the Apes photo: Edgar Rice Burroughs cover: "All-Story" magazine cover photo: Alice Walker *ALICE WALKER, The Flowers JOYCE CAROL OATES, Three Girls photo: Joyce Carol Oates WILLIAM FAULKNER, A Rose for Emily photo: William Faulkner PERSPECTIVE: William Faulkner, On "A Rose for Emily" A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "A Rose for Emily" A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Con?ict in the Plot of Faulkner’s "A Rose for Emily" ANDRE DUBUS, Killings photo: Andre Dubus PERSPECTIVES A. L. BADER, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES EDWARD GOREY, From The Hapless Child 4. Character photo: Mark Twain CHARLES DICKENS, From Hard Times photo: Charles Dickens A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Character Development in Dickens’s Hard Times MAY-LEE CHAI, Saving Sourdi photo: May-lee Chai HERMAN MELVILLE, Bartleby, the Scrivener photo: Herman Melville PERSPECTIVES NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Herman Melville’s Philosophic Stance DAN McCALL, On the Lawyer’s Character in "Bartleby, the Scrivener" *JUNOT DIAZ, Fiesta, 1980 *photo: Junot Diaz ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES LYNDA BARRY, Spelling 5. Setting photo: Andrea Lee photo: Ernest Hemingway ERNEST HEMINGWAY, Soldier’s Home PERSPECTIVES ERNEST HEMINGWAY, On What Every Writer Needs ANDREA LEE, Anthropology photo: Andrea Lee FAY WELDON, IND AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo photo: Fay Weldon PERSPECTIVE: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in "IND AFF" A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Signi?cance of Setting in Weldon’s "IND AFF" 6. Point of View photo: Anton Chekhov Third-Person Narrator First-Person Narrator photo: Robert Olen Butler *ROBERT OLEN BUTLER, Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot photo: Anton Chekhov ANTON CHEKHOV, The Lady with the Pet Dog PERSPECTIVES Two Additional Translations of the Final Paragraphs of Anton Chekhov’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog" ANTON CHEKHOV, From "The Lady and the Dog" ANTON CHEKHOV, From "A Lady with a Dog" ANTON CHEKHOV, On Morality in Fiction JOYCE CAROL OATES, The Lady with the Pet Dog PERSPECTIVE: MATTHEW C. BRENNAN, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov’s and Oates’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog" A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Two Versions of the Same Story: Point of View in Chekhov’s and Oates’s "The Lady with the Pet Dog" ALICE WALKER, Roselily ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES MARJANE SATRAPI, "The Trip," From Persepolis 7. Symbolism photo: Ralph Ellison CHITRA BANERJEE DIVAKARUNI, Clothes photo: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni COLETTE, The Hand RALPH ELLISON, Battle Royal photo: Ralph Ellison PERSPECTIVE: MORDECAI MARCUS, What Is an Initiation Story? A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of "Battle Royal" A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Symbolism in Ellison’s "Battle Royal" *MICHAEL OPPENHEIMER, The Paring Knife 8. Theme photo: Herman Melville STEPHEN CRANE, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky photo: Stephen Crane photo: Katherine Mans?eld KATHERINE MANSFIELD, Miss Brill photo: Dagoberto Gilb DAGOBERTO GILB, Love in L.A. A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Theme of Deception in Gilb’s "Love in L.A." DALY WALKER, I Am the Grass photo: Daly Walker 9. Style, Tone, and Irony photo: Raymond Carver Style Tone Irony photo: Raymond Carver RAYMOND CARVER, Popular Mechanics PERSPECTIVE: JOHN BARTH, On Minimalist Fiction A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Minimalist Style of Carver’s "Popular Mechanics" SUSAN MINOT, Lust photo: Susan Minot TIM O’BRIEN, How to Tell a True War Story photo: Tim O’Brien photo: Z. Z. Packer Z. Z. PACKER, Brownies *photo: Rick Moody *RICK MOODY, Boys ENCOUNTERING FICTION: COMICS AND GRAPHIC STORIES MATT GROENING, Life in Hell 10. Combining the Elements of Fiction: A Writing Process photo: Edgar Allan Poe The Elements Together Mapping the Story photo: David Updike DAVID UPDIKE, Summer Questions for Writing: Developing a Topic into a Revised Thesis A Sample Brainstorming List A Sample First Thesis A Sample Revised Thesis A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Plot and Setting in David Updike’s "Summer" Approaches to Fiction 11. A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne photo: Nathaniel Hawthorne image: Nathaniel Hawthorne’s signature photo: "The Old Manse" image: Nathaniel Hawthorne portrait image: "The Witch of the Woodlands" A Brief Biography and Introduction CHRONOLOGY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, Young Goodman Brown NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Minister’s Black Veil NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, The Birthmark PERSPECTIVES ON HAWTHORNE NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On Solitude NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On the Power of the Writer’s Imagination NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE, On His Short Stories HERMAN MELVILLE, On Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Tragic Vision GAYLORD BREWER, "The Joys of Secret Sin" TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS JUDITH FETTERLEY, A Feminist Reading of "The Birthmark" JAMES QUINN and ROSS BALDESSARINI, A Psychological Reading of "The Birthmark" 12. A Study of Flannery O’Connor photo: Flannery O’Connor image: Flannery O’Connor’s signature A Brief Biography and Introduction photo: Flannery O’Connor, Age 12 photo: Flannery O’Connor, Age 16 or 17 photo: Flannery O’Connor with Self-Portrait photo: The Corinthian Staff cartoon: "Targets" photo: Flannery O’Connor and Pet Peacock at Andalusia Farm CHRONOLOGY FLANNERY O’CONNOR, A Good Man Is Hard to Find FLANNERY O’CONNOR, Good Country People FLANNERY O’CONNOR, Revelation PERSPECTIVES ON O’CONNOR FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On Faith FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On the Materials of Fiction FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion FLANNERY O’CONNOR, On Theme and Symbol JOSEPHINE HENDIN, On O’Connor’s Refusal to "Do Pretty" CLAIRE KAHANE, The Function of Violence in O’Connor’s Fiction EDWARD KESSLER, On O’Connor’s Use of History TIME MAGAZINE, On "A Good Man is Hard to Find" TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS A. R. COULTHARD, On the Visionary Ending of "Revelation" MARSHALL BRUCE GENTRY, On the Revised Ending of "Revelation" 13. A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner’s "Barn Burning" photo: William Faulkner image: William Faulkner’s signature photo: William Faulkner photo: Oxford Hardware Store photo: Goodwin and Brown’s Commissary photo: Rowan Oak photo: William Faulkner at Writing Desk WILLIAM FAULKNER, Barn Burning PERSPECTIVES ON FAULKNER JANE HILES, Blood Ties in "Barn Burning" BENJAMIN DEMOTT, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class GAYLE EDWARD WILSON, Con?ict in "Barn Burning" JAMES FERGUSON, Narrative Strategy in "Barn Burning" Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Fires of Class Con?ict in "Barn Burning" (excerpt) 14. A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce’s "Eveline" photo: James Joyce image: James Joyce’s signature A Brief Biography and Introduction image: "Eveline" in The Irish Homestead photo: James Joyce, Age 22 photo: James Joyce with Nora and Friends photo: James Joyce in Paris CHRONOLOGY JAMES JOYCE, Eveline Documents photo: Poole Street, Dublin THE ALLIANCE TEMPERANCE ALMANACK, On the Resources of Ireland BRIDGET BURKE, A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl poster: The Bohemian Girl 15. A Thematic Case Study: The Literature of the South photo: Flannery O’Connor photo: Richard Wright map: U.S. Bureau of the Census, "The South" JOHN SHELTON REED and DALE VOLBERG REED, De?nitions of the South W. J. CASH, The Old and the New South movie still: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Gone with the Wind lithograph: Currier and Ives, The Old Plantation Home IRVING HOWE, The Southern Myth painting: John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg, 1863 FLANNERY O’CONNOR, The Regional Writer painting: Clyde Broadway, Trinity — Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee MARGARET WALKER, The Southern Writer and Race photo: Ernest C. Withers, "Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis, Tennessee" photo: Library of Congress, Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School photo: Ernest C. Withers, "Sanitation Workers’ Strike, Memphis, Tennessee" RICHARD WRIGHT, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow collage: Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go By DONALD R. NOBLE, The Future of Southern Writing LEE SMITH, On Southern Change and Permanence 16. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire photo: T. C. Boyle photo: E. Annie Proulx E. ANNIE PROULX, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump T. CORAGHESSAN BOYLE, Carnal Knowledge photo: T. C. Boyle *RON HANSEN, My Kid’s Dog LEE SMITH, The Happy Memories Club photo: Lee Smith *JOYCE CAROL OATES, Hi Howya Doin’ photo: Mark Twain MARK TWAIN, The Story of the Good Little Boy *17. Remarkably Short Short Fiction *SANDRA CISNEROS, Eleven *photo: Sandra Cisneros *RON CARLSON, Max *JAYNE ANNE PHILLIPS, Cheers *MARK HALLIDAY, Young Man on Sixth Ave *DAVID FOSTER WALLACE, Incarnations of Burned Children *photo: David Foster Wallace LYDIA DAVIS, Letter to a Funeral Parlor photo: Lydia Davis PETER MEINKE, The Cranes *MARGARET ATWOOD, Happy Endings photo: Margaret Atwood *TERRY L. TILTON, That Settles That A Collection of Stories 18. An Album of Contemporary Stories photo: Amy Bloom photo: Amy Bloom AMY BLOOM, By-and-by *JHUMPA LAHIRI, Hell-Heaven *photo: Jhumpa Lahiri *JOHN UPDIKE, Outage photo: John Updike *XU XI, Famine *photo: Xu Xi 19. An Album of World Literature photo: Salman Rushdie BESSIE HEAD (Botswana), The Prisoner Who Wore Glasses NAGUIB MAHFOUZ (Egypt), The Answer Is No photo: Naguib Mahfouz photo: Gabriel García Márquez GABRIEL GARCÍA MÁRQUEZ (Colombia), One of These Days *TATYANA TOLSTAYA, See the Other Side 20. Stories for Further Reading photo: Toni Morrison photo: Joseph Conrad JOSEPH CONRAD, An Outpost of Progress photo: Jamaica Kincaid JAMAICA KINCAID, Girl photo: D. H. Lawrence D. H. LAWRENCE, The Horse Dealer’s Daughter *JACK LONDON, To Build a Fire *photo: Jack London *KATHERINE MANSFIELD, The Fly EDGAR ALLAN POE, The Cask of Amontillado photo: Edgar Allan Poe KATHERINE ANNE PORTER, The Witness photo: Katherine Anne Porter JOHN UPDIKE, A & P POETRY The Elements of Poetry 21. Reading Poetry Reading Poetry Responsively Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays John Updike, Dog’s Death The Pleasure of Words William Hathaway, Oh, Oh SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Oh, OhRobert Francis, Catch A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Tossing Metaphors Together in "Catch" Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard E. E. Cummings, l(a Anonymous, Western Wind Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires SUGGESTIONS FOR APPROACHING POETRY Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry ENCOUNTERING POETRY: IMAGES OF POETRY IN POPULAR CULTURE poster: Dorothy Parker, Unfortunate Coincidence photo: Carl Sandburg, Window cartoon: Roz Chast, The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew photo: Tim Taylor, I shake the delicate apparatus poster: Eric Dunn and Mike Wigton, National Poetry Slam *photo: Kevin Fleming, Poetry Reading at Nuyorican Poets Café web screen: Poetry-portal.com web screen: Ted Kooser, American Life in Poetry poem in newspaper: David Allan Evans, Neighbors Poetry in Popular Forms Helen Farries, Magic of Love John Frederick Nims, Love Poem Bruce Springsteen, You’re Missing S. Pearl Sharp, It’s the Law: A Rap Poem perspective: Robert Francis, On "Hard" Poetry Poems for Further Study *Peter Pereira, Anagrammer *Mary Oliver, The Poet with His Face in His Hands Lisa Parker, Snapping Beans Alberto Ríos, Seniors Alfred Lord Tennyson, Crossing the Bar Billy Collins, Marginalia *Christian Bok, Vowels 22. Writing about Poetry From Reading to Writing QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIVE READING AND WRITING Elizabeth Bishop, Manners A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Manners A SAMPLE STUDENT ANALYSIS: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop’s "Manners" 23. Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone Word Choice Diction Denotations and Connotations Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner Word Order Tone Judith Ortiz Cofer, Common Ground Colette Inez, Back When All Was Continuous Chuckles Kathryn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne *SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Tone in Kathryn Howd Machan’s "Hazel Tells LaVerne" Martín Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop Paul Lawrence Dunbar, To a Captious Critic Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress Ann Lauinger, Marvell Noir Sharon Olds, Last Night Poems for Further Study Barbara Hamby, Ode to American English Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain David R. Slavitt, Titanic Peter Meinke, (Untitled) Joanne Diaz, On My Father’s Loss of Hearing Sharon Olds, Sex without Love *Mary Oliver, Oxygen Cathy Song, The Youngest Daughter John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool *Joan Murray, We Old Dudes Alice Jones, The Larynx Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs*Herbert Lomas, The Fly’s Poem about Emily A Note on Reading Translations Three Translations of a Poem by Sappho Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne (translated by Henry T. Wharton) Sappho Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite (translated by T. W. Higginson) Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos (translated by Mary Barnard) Two Translations of a Poem by Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda, Verbo (original Spanish version)Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Ben Belitt)Pablo Neruda, Verbo (translated by Kristin Linklater)24. Images Poetry’s Appeal to the Senses Li Ho, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair William Carlos Williams, Poem Jeanette Barnes, Battle-Piece Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford David Solway, Windsurfing Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile Poems for Further Study Amy Lowell, The PondH. D. [Hilda Doolittle], Heat Linda Pastan, Pass/Fail *Ruth Fainlight, CrocusesMary Robinson, London’s Summer Morning William Blake, London *A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Imagery in William Blake’s "London" and Mary Robinson’s "London’s Summer Morning" Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est *Marvin Bell, The Uniform Patricia Smith, What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl (for Those of You Who Aren’t) Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther Jane Kenyon, The Blue Bowl *Donna Masini, Slowly Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread John Keats, To Autumn *C.K. Williams, Shock Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro Cathy Song, The White Porch perspective: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose 25. Figures of Speech William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, Scene 5) Simile and Metaphor Margaret Atwood, you fit into me Emily Dickinson, Presentiment—is that long Shadow—on the lawn— Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book *Jay Rogoff, Death’s Theatre Other Figures Edmund Conti, Pragmatist Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut Poems for Further Study Gary Snyder, How Poetry Comes to Me *A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Metaphor in Gary Snyder’s "How Poetry Comes to Me" Margaret Atwood, February William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs *Peter Meinke, Unnatural Light Sylvia Plath, Mirror Judy Page Heitzman, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill William Wordsworth, London, 1802 Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning Linda Pastan, Marks *Kay Ryan, Hailstorm Ronald Wallace, Building an Outhouse Elaine Magarrell, The Joy of Cooking Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist 154 perspective: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors 26. Symbol, Allegory, and Irony Symbol Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night Allegory Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace Irony Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory *A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Irony in Edwin Arlington Robinson’s "Richard Cory" Kenneth Fearing, AD E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america i Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe Poems for Further Study Bob Hicok, Making it in Poetry Jane Kenyon, Surprise Martín Espada, Bully *Kevin Pierce, Proof of Origin Carl Sandburg, Buttons Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar *May Swenson, All That TimeWilliam Stafford, Traveling through the Dark Julio Marzán, Ethnic Poetry Mark Halliday, Graded Paper *Charles Simic, The Storm James Merrill, Casual Wear Henry Reed, Naming of Parts Rachel Hadas, The Compact *Bruce Weigl, Snowy EgretRobert Browning, My Last Duchess William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper Walt Whitman, From Song of MyselfGary Soto, Behind Grandma’s House perspective: Ezra Pound, On Symbols 27. Sounds Listening to Poetry Anonymous, Scarborough Fair John Updike, Player Piano May Swenson, A Nosty Fright Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk— *A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: Sound in Emily Dickinson’s "A Bird came down the Walk—" Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating Rhyme Richard Armour, Going to Extremes Robert Southey, From The Cataract of Lodore perspective: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme Sound and Meaning Gerard Manley Hopkins, God’s Grandeur Poems for Further Study Thomas Lux, Onomatopoeia *Molly Peacock, Of NightLewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky *Harryette Mullen, Blah-Blah William Heyen, The Trains John Donne, Song Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism Haki R. Madhbuti, The B Network*Andrew Hudgins, The Cow Paul Humphrey, Blow Robert Francis, The Pitcher Helen Chasin, The Word Plum *Richard Wakefield, The Bell Rope John Keats, Ode to a Nightingale Howard Nemerov, Because you Asked Me about the Line Between Prose and Poetry 28. Patterns of Rhythm Some Principles of Meter Walt Whitman, From Song of the Open Road William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up SUGGESTIONS FOR SCANNING A POEM Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm *A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Rhythm of Anticipation in Timothy Steele’s "Waiting for the Storm" William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come Poems for Further Study *Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break Alice Jones, The Foot A. E. Houseman, When I was one-and-twentyRita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays Rachel Hadas, The Red Hat Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder Ben Johnson, Still to Be Neat *Sonia Sanchez, Summer Words of a Sistuh Addict William Blake, The Lamb William Blake, The Tyger Carl Sandburg, Chicago *Mark Doty, Tunnel Music *Mark Turpin, Sledgehammer’s SongAlfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade Theodore Roethke, My Papa’s Waltz *Thylia Moss, Tornados *Floyd Skloot, Winter Solstice perspective: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry 29. Poetic Forms Some Common Poetic Forms A. E. Houseman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now Robert Herrick, Upon Julia’s Clothes Sonnet John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? William Shakespeare, My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines *A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Fixed Form in Edna St. Vincent Millay’s "I will put Chaos into fourteen lines" Molly Peacock, Desire Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet *X.J. Kennedy, The Purpose of Time is to Prevent Everything from Happening at Once Villanelle Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts Sestina Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina Epigram Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? A. R. Ammons, Coward David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter Paul Lawrence Dunbar, Theology Limerick Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright Laurence Perrine, The limerick’s never averse Keith Casto, She Don’t Bop Haiku Matsuo Basho, Under cherry trees Carolyn Kizer, After Basho Sonia Sanchez, c’mon man hold me Elegy Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane Andrew Hudgins, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead *Brendan Galvin, An Evel Knievel Elegy Ode Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind *Baron Wormser, Labor Parody Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken X. J. Kennedy, A Visit from St. Sigmund Picture Poem Michael McFee, In Medias Res Perspective Elaine Mitchell, Form 30. Open Form E. E. Cummings, in Just- Walt Whitman, From I Sing the Body Electric perspective: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter *A SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE: The Power of Walt Whitman’s Open Form Poem "I Sing the Body Electric" Richard Hass, A Story about the Body Richard Hague, Directions for Resisting the SAT Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer’s William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow *Natasha Tretheway, On CaptivityGary Gildner, First Practice Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson’s Defunct *Jeffrey Harrison, The Names of Things Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage Julio Marzán, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers *Todd Boss, AdvanceRobert Morgan, Overalls *Louise Glück, March *Linda Pastan, To a Daughter Leaving HomeAnonymous, The Frog Tato Laviera, AmeRícan Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics *Sandra M. Gilbert, Chairlift *Mary Stewart Hammond, The Big Fish Story Found Poem Donald Justice, Order in the Streets 31. Combining the Elements of Poetry: A Writing Process The Elements Together Mapping the Poem John Donne, Death Be Not Proud Asking Questions about the Elements A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Version of Death Be Not Proud A SAMPLE FIRST RESPONSE Organizing Your Thoughts A SAMPLE INFORMAL OUTLINE The Elements and Theme A SAMPLE EXPLICATION: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne’s "Death Be Not Proud" APPROACHES TO POETRY 32. A Study of Emily Dickinson A Brief Biography Photo: Emily Dickinson, age 16 Silhouette: Emily Dickinson, age 14 Photo: Emily Dickinson, unauthenticated image Photo: Edward Dickinson Letter and Cartoon: Emily Dickinson to William Cowper Dickinson Photo: Susan Gilbert Dickinson Letter and Cartoon: Emily Dickinson to Susan Gilbert Dickinson An Introduction to Her Work Emily Dickinson, If I can stop one Heart from breaking Emily Dickinson, If I shouldn’t be alive Emily Dickinson, The Thought beneath so slight a film— Emily Dickinson, To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee Chronology Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest *Emily Dickinson, Some things that fly there be Emily Dickinson, Water, is taught by thirst Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1859 version) Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers—(1861 version) Emily Dickinson, Portraits are to daily faces Emily Dickinson, Some keep the Sabbath going to Church— Emily Dickinson, "Heaven"—is what I cannot reach! Emily Dickinson, "Hope" is the thing with feathers *Emily Dickinson, The Robin’s my Criterion for Tune— Emily Dickinson, I like a look of Agony Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights—Wild Nights! Emily Dickinson, What Soft—Cherubic Creatures— Facsimile: Manuscript Page of "What Soft—Cherubic Creatures--" Emily Dickinson, The Soul selects her own Society— Emily Dickinson, Much Madness is divinest Sense— Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility— *Emily Dickinson, They dropped like Flakes— Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes— *Emily Dickinson, Pain—has an Element of Blank— *Emily Dickinson, The Morning after Woe Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died— Emily Dickinson, One need not be a Chamber—to be Haunted— Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death— Emily Dickinson, I felt a Cleaving in my Mind— Emily Dickinson, A Light exists in SpringEmily Dickinson, O Sumptuous moment Emily Dickinson, The Bustle in a House Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant— Emily Dickinson, There is no Frigate like a Book*Emily Dickinson, Fame is the one that does not stay— Perspectives on Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson, A Description of Herself Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson’s Sense of Privation Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson’s White Dress Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson’s Poetry Paula Bennett, On "I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—" Martha Nell Smith, On "Because I could not stop for Death—" Ronald Wallace, Miss Goff Two Complementary Critical Readings Charles R. Anderson, Eroticism in "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!" David S. Reynolds, Popular Literature and "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!" QUESTIONS FOR WRITING ABOUT AN AUTHOR IN DEPTH A SAMPLE IN-DEPTH STUDY Emily Dickinson, "Faith" is a fine invention Emily Dickinson, I know that He exists Emily Dickinson, I never saw a Moor— Emily Dickinson, Apparently with no surprise A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily DickinsonSuggested Topics for Longer Papers 33. A Study of Robert Frost A Brief Biography Photo: Robert Frost, age 18 Photo: Robert Frost, age 47 Photo: Robert Frost at his writing desk An Introduction to His Work Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken Robert Frost, The Pasture Chronology Robert Frost, Mowing Robert Frost, My November GuestRobert Frost, Storm Fear Robert Frost, Mending Wall Robert Frost, Home Burial *Robert Frost, The Wood-pile Robert Frost, After Apple-Picking Robert Frost, Birches *Robert Frost, An Old Man’s Winter Night Robert Frost, "Out, Out—" *Robert Frost, The Oven Bird Robert Frost, Fire and Ice Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay Robert Frost, Unharvested Facsimile: Manuscript page of "Neither Out Far nor In Deep" Robert Frost, Neither Out Far nor In Deep Robert Frost, Design Perspectives on Robert Frost Robert Frost, "In White," An Early Version of "Design" Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem Amy Lowell, On Frost’s Realistic Technique Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem Herbert R. Coursen Jr. , A Parodic Interpretation of "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" Peter D. Poland, On "Neither Out Far nor In Deep" Derek Walcott, The Road Taken Two Complementary Critical Readings Richard Poirier, On Emotional Suffocation in "Home Burial" Katherine Kearns, On the Symbolic Setting of "Home Burial" Suggested Topics for Longer Papers 34. A Study of Langston Hughes Image: Langston Hughes Stamp *Photo: Couples Dancing in a Harlem Nightclub A Brief Biography Photo: Harlem Renaissance couple Photo: The Lafayette Theatre Photo: Langston Hughes at the McCarthy Hearings Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers An Introduction to His Work Langston Hughes, I, Too Chronology Langston Hughes, Negro Langston Hughes, Danse Africaine Langston Hughes, Jazzonia Langston Hughes, Dream Variations Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues Langston Hughes, Cross Langston Hughes, Formula Langston Hughes, Esthete in Harlem Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight Langston Hughes, Song for a Dark Girl Langston Hughes, Red Silk Stockings Langston Hughes, Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady DancerLangston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord *Langston Hughes, Ku Klux *Langston Hughes, 50-50 *Langston Hughes, Harlem SweetiesLangston Hughes, 125th Street Langston Hughes, Dream BoogieLangston Hughes, Harlem *Langston Hughes, Motto Langston Hughes, Un-American Investigators Langston Hughes, Old Walt Facsimile: manuscript page of "Old Walt" *Langston Hughes, High to Low Langston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me Langston Hughes, Frederick Douglass: 1817–1895 Perspectives on Langston Hughes Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties James E. Emanuel, Hughes’s Attitudes toward Religion Richard K. Barksdale, On Censoring "Ballad of the Landlord" Karen Jackson Ford, Hughes’ Aesthetics of Simplicity David Chinitz, The Romanticization of Africa in the 1920s Two Complementary Critical Readings David Rampersad, On the Persona in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers"Adrian Oktenberg, Memory in "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" Suggested Topics for Longer Papers 35. *A Study of Billy Collins: The Author Reflects on Five Poems *Photo: Billy Collins *A Brief Biography and Overview of Collins’s Work *Photo: Billy Collins, first day as a student at St. Joan of Arc School *Photo: Billy Collins, first day as a student at College of the Holy Cross *Photo: Billy Collins, yearbook photo *Photo: Billy Collins, with cigarette *Photo: Billy Collins, with dog *Photo: Billy Collins in his office *A Chronology *Book Cover: Questions About Angels *Book Cover: The Art of Drowning *Book Cover: Nine Horses *Book Cover: The Trouble with Poetry * "How Do Poems Travel?": An Introduction by Billy Collins *Billy Collins, Osso Buco *Billy Collins, On Writing "Osso Buco" *Billy Collins, Nostalgia *Billy Collins, On Writing "Nostalgia" *Billy Collins, Questions About Angels *Billy Collins, On Writing "Questions About Angels" *Billy Collins, Litany *Billy Collins, On Writing "Litany" *Billy Collins, Building with Its Face Blown Off *Perspective: On "Building with Its Face Blown Off": Michael Meyer Interviews Billy Collins *Facsimiles: Three Manuscript Pages *Photo: Billy Collins Action Poetry Web site *Photo: Poetry 180 Web site 36. A Study of Julia Alvarez: Five Poems Photo: Julia Alvarez A Brief Biography Book Cover: A Cafecito Story Photo: Julia Alvarez and students at Alta Gracia An Introduction to Her Work Chronology Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Queens, 1963" Passport Photo: Julia Alvarez, age 10 Julia Alvarez, Queens, 1963 photo: Queens Civil Rights Demonstration, 1963 perspective: Marny Requa, From an Interview with Julia Alvarez Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Housekeeping Cages" and Her Housekeeping Poems Julia Alvarez, Housekeeping Cages Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Dusting" Julia Alvarez, Dusting Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Ironing Their Clothes" Julia Alvarez, Ironing Their Clothes Julia Alvarez, On Writing "Sometimes the Words Are So Close" (From the "33" Sonnet Sequence) Julia Alvarez, Sometimes the Words Are So Close Drafts of "Sometimes the Words Are So Close": A Poet’s Writing Process Facsimiles: Four Draft Manuscript Pages Photo: Library Way Bronze Plaque of "Sometimes the Words Are So Close" Julia Alvarez, On Writing "First Muse" Julia Alvarez, First Muse Image: Chiquita Banana perspective: Kelli Lyon Johnson, Mapping an Identity 37. A Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot’s "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" Photo: T.S. Eliot, age 18 A Brief Biography Painting: T.S. Eliot, by Wyndham Lewis Photo: T.S. Eliot as Prufrock T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Perspectives on T. S. Eliot Elisabeth Schneider, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock Barbara Everett, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock Michael L. Baumann, The "Overwhelming Question" for Prufrock Frederik L. Rusch, Society and Character in "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" Robert Sward, A Personal Analysis of "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" Suggested Topics for Longer Papers38. A Thematic Case Study: Love and Longing Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count The Ways Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo E. E. Cummings, since feeling is first Mark Doty, The Embrace Joan Murray, Play by Play Billie Bolton, Memorandum* Michael Ryan, Bunny 39. A Thematic Case Study: Humor and Satire Fleur Adcock, The VideoJohn Ciardi, Suburban Daisy Fried, Wit’s EndRonald Wallace, In a RutHoward Nemerov, Walking the Dog Linda Pastan, Jump Cabling Peter Schmitt, Friends with NumbersMartín Espada, The Community College Revises its Curriculum in Response to Changing Demographics *Denise Duhamel, Language Police ReportM. Carl Holman, Mr. Z Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging Bob Hicok, Spam Leaves an Aftertaste Thomas Lux, Commercial Leech Farming Today *Lee Upton, Dyserotica Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch *X.J. Kennedy, On a Young Man’s Remaining an Undergraduate for Twelve Years40. A Thematic Case Study: Milestones *Allen Braden, Sweethearts *Baron Wormser, Shoplifting *Jan Beatty, My Father Teaches Me To Dream *Marilyn Nelson, How I Discovered Poetry *Charles Simic, In the Library *Trevor West Knapp, Touch Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage *Sandra M. Gilbert, How We Didn’t Tell Her *Anne Carson, Father’s Old Blue Cardigan *Barbara Crooker, Listening to Her Practice: My Middle Daughter, on the Edge of Adolescence, Learns to Play the Saxophone Luisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, & Hook Suggested Topics for Longer Papers A Thematic Case Study: Crossing Boundaries Transcendence and Borders Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America Diagram: An 18th Century Slave ShipAdvertisement: A 1784 Slave Auction Poster Identity and Borders Pat Mora, Legal Alien Image: Jacalyn López Garcia, I Just Wanted to be Me Immigration and BordersSandra M. Gilbert, Mafiosophoto: Baggage Examined Here, Ellis Island Expectations and Borders Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New JerseySoundtrack cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasano Hai (I Like this Girl) Beauty and Borders Janice Mirikitani, Recipe photo: Chiaki Tsukumo, Girl and Licca Doll Freedom and Borders Thomas Lynch, Liberty photo: Alex MacLean, Somerville, Massachusetts Suggested Topics for Longer Papers 41. A Thematic Case Study: The Natural World *Tom Disch, Birdsong Interpreted *Jane Hirschfield, Happiness *Leslie Marmon Silko, Love Poem *Margaret Atwood, A Holiday *Maxine Kumin, Though He Tarry *Gail White, Dead Armadillos *Dave Lucas, November *Walt McDonald, Coming Across It Alden Nowan, The Bull Moose *Robert B. Shaw, Wild Turkeys *Edward Hirsch, First Snowfall: Intimations *Paul Zimmer, What I Know about Owls Suggested Topics for Longer PapersAn Anthology of Poems 42. An Album of Contemporary Poems Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity’s Closet *Eamon Grennan, Herringbone *Mary Stewart Hammond, High Ground Tony Hoagland, AmericaRachel Loden, Locked Ward, Newtown, Connecticut Susan Minot, My Husband’s Back Robert Morgan, Fever Wit Alberto Ríos, The Gathering Evening Cathy Song, A Poet in the House *C.K. Williams, The United States 43. An Album of World Literature Anna Akhmatova (Russia), Lot’s Wife Claribel Alegría (El Salvador), I Am Mirror Yehuda Amichai (Israel), Jerusalem, 1985 *Fazil Hüsnü Daglarca (Turkey), DeadMahmoud Darwish (Palestine) Identity Card *Marne L. Kilates (Philippines), Python in the Mall Taslima Nasrin (Bangladesh), At the Back of ProgressPablo Neruda (Chile), The United Fruit Co. Octavio Paz (Mexico), The Street Yousif al-Sa’igh (Iraq), An Iraqi Evening Shu Ting (China), O Motherland, Dear Motherland Tomas Tranströmer (Sweden), April and Silence 42. A Collection of Poems Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan *Craig Arnold, Uncouplings William Blake, The Garden of Love William Blake, Infant Sorrow Anne Bradstreet, Before the Birth of One of Her Children *Elizabeth Barrett Browning, When Our Two Souls Stand Up Erect and Strong Robert Browning, Meeting at Night Robert Browning, Parting at Morning Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of eastern high school) Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream *Wyn Cooper, Puritan Impulse E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill ’s John Donne, The Apparition John Donne, The Flea George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), In a London Drawingroom *Katie Ford, Ark *Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Queer People Thomas Hardy, Hap Thomas Hardy, In Time of "The Breaking of Nations" Frances E. W. Harper, Learning to Read George Herbert, The Collar Gerard Manley Hopkins, Hurrahing in Harvest Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover A. E. Houseman, Is my team ploughing A. E. Houseman, To an Athlete Dying Young Julia Ward Howe, Battle-Hymn of the Republic *Andrew Hudgins, The Cadillac in the Attic Ben Jonson, On My First Son Ben Jonson, To Celia John Keats, To One Who has been Long in City Pent John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci *John Keats, Written in Disgust of Vulgar Superstition Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus *Phillis Levin, May Day Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Snow-Flakes *Edna St. Vincent Millay, First Fig John Milton, On the Late Massacre in Piedmont John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd *Alberto Rios, Northern Desert Towns in the Turn of the Old CenturyChristina Georgina Rossetti, Some Ladies Dress in Muslin Full and White Christina Georgina Rossetti, In ProgressChristina Georgina Rossetti, The World Christina Georgina Rossetti, Promises Like Pie-Crust *Sigfried Sassoon, They William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold William Shakespeare, When forty winters shall besiege thy brow William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men’s eyes Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias Sir Philip Sidney, Loving in Truth, and Fain in Verse My Love to Show Lydia Huntley Sigourney, Indian NamesWallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears Richard Wakefield, In a Poetry Workshop Walt Whitman, I Heard You Solemn-Sweet Pipes of the Organ Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer Walt Whitman, One’s-Self I Sing Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS William Carlos Williams, Spring and All William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a CloudWilliam Wordsworth, It Is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free William Wordsworth, The Solitary Reaper William Wordsworth, Mutability William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop DRAMA The Study of Drama 43. Reading Drama photo: Arthur Miller *photo: Josefina Lopez Reading Drama Responsively photo: Susan Glaspell SUSAN GLASPELL, Tri?es A SAMPLE CLOSE READING: An Annotated Section of Tri?es PERSPECTIVE: SUSAN GLASPELL, From the Short Story Version of Tri?es Elements of Drama photo: Michael Hollinger MICHAEL HOLLINGER, Naked Lunch *photo: Sharon E. Cooper *SHARON E. COOPER, Mistaken Identity Drama in Popular Forms photo: Larry David LARRY DAVID, "The Pitch," a Seinfeld Episode PERSPECTIVE: GEOFFREY O’BRIEN, On Seinfeld as Sitcom Moneymaker 44. Writing about Drama *photo: Jane Anderson From Reading to Writing Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing Plays in Performance photo: Oedipus the King photo: Antigone photo: A Midsummer Night’s Dream photo: Hamlet photo: A Doll House *photo: Real Women Have Curves *photo: Doubt photo: Rodeo *photo: Fences *photo: Trying to Find Chinatown photo: Death of a Salesman *photo: No Child… photo: Playwriting 101 *photo: Wanda’s Visit A SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: The Feminist Evidence in Tri?es 45. A Study of Sophocles photo: Sophocles photo: Sophocles map: Map of Ancient Greece CHRONOLOGY Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama drawing: Classical Greek theater Tragedy SOPHOCLES, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles) SOPHOCLES, Antigone (Translated by Robert Fagles) PERSPECTIVES ON SOPHOCLES ARISTOTLE, On Tragic Character SIGMUND FREUD, On the Oedipus Complex SOPHOCLES, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King MURIEL RUKEYSER, On Oedipus the King DAVID WILES, On Oedipus the King as a Political Play JEAN ANOUILH, A Scene from Antigone (Translated by Lewis Galantière) MAURICE SAGOFF, A Humorous Distillation of Antigone TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS R. G. A. BUXTON, The Major Critical Issue in Antigone CYNTHIA P. GARDINER, The Function of the Chorus in Antigone Suggested Topics for Longer Papers 46. A Study of William Shakespeare photo: Laurence Olivier portrait: William Shakespeare portrait: William Shakespeare portrait, from the First Folio portrait: William Shakespeare, the "Chandos Portrait" image: Shakespeare’s signature CHRONOLOGY Shakespeare’s Theater drawing: The Globe Theatre The Range of Shakespeare’s Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy A Note on Reading Shakespeare WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, A Midsummer Night’s Dream WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark PERSPECTIVES ON SHAKESPEARE THE MAYOR OF LONDON (1597), Objections to the Elizabethan Theater LISA JARDINE, On Boy Actors in Female Roles SAMUEL JOHNSON, On Shakespeare’s Characters SIGMUND FREUD, On Repression in Hamlet JAN KOTT, On Producing Hamlet RUSSELL JACKSON, A Film Diary of the Shooting of Kenneth Branagh’s Hamlet LINDA BAMBER, Feminine Rebellion and Masculine Authority in A Midsummer Night’s Dream LOUIS ADRIAN MONTROSE, On Amazonian Mythology in A Midsummer Night’s Dream JAMES KINCAID, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy TWO COMPLEMENTARY CRITICAL READINGS JOAN MONTGOMERY BYLES, Ophelia’s Desperation SANDRA K. FISCHER, Ophelia’s Mad Speeches Suggested Topics for Longer Papers ENCOUNTERING DRAMA: A VISUAL PORTFOLIO HAMLET IN POPULAR CULTURE AND PERFORMANCE painting: Hamlet and Horatio in the Cemetery, by Eugène Delacroix photo: Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet movie still: Ethan Hawke as Hamlet movie still: Laurence Olivier as Hamlet painting: Ophelia: Here is Rosemary, by William Gorman Wills cartoon: Ophelia, cartoon from The New Yorker, by Lee Lorenz movie still: Kate Winslet as Ophelia painting: The Death of Ophelia, by Eugène Delacroix 47. Modern Drama photo: T. S. Eliot Realism Naturalism Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama photo: Henrik Ibsen HENRIK IBSEN, A Doll House (Translated by Rolf Fjelde) PERSPECTIVE: HENRIK IBSEN, Notes for A Doll House Beyond Realism 48. A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House photo: Henrik Ibsen PERSPECTIVES A Nineteenth-Century Husband’s Letter to His Wife BARRY WITHAM and JOHN LUTTERBIE, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House CAROL STRONGIN TUFTS, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora JOAN TEMPLETON, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text? Questions for Writing: Applying a Critical Strategy SAMPLE STUDENT PAPER: On the Other Side of the Slammed Door in A Doll House 49. A Thematic Case Study: An Album of Contemporary Humor and Satire *photo: Christopher Durang photo: Jane Anderson JANE ANDERSON, The Reprimand *CHRISTOPHER DURANG, Wanda’s Visit *photo: Christopher Durang DAVID IVES, Moby-Dude, Or: The Three-Minute Whale photo: David Ives JANE MARTIN, Rodeo photo: Rich Orloff RICH ORLOFF, Playwriting 101: The Rooftop Lesson A Collection of Plays 50. Plays for Further Reading photo: August Wilson photo: Arthur Miller photo: David Henry Hwang DAVID HENRY HWANG, Trying to Find Chinatown *photo: Josefina Lopez *JOSEFINA LOPEZ, Real Women Have Curves photo: Arthur Miller ARTHUR MILLER, Death of a Salesman PERSPECTIVES ARTHUR MILLER, Tragedy and the Common Man ARTHUR MILLER, On Biff and Willy Loman *JOHN PATRICK SHANLEY, Doubt *photo: John Patrick Shanley *NILAJA SUN, No Child… *photo: Nilaja Sun photo: August Wilson AUGUST WILSON, Fences PERSPECTIVE: DAVID SAVRAN, An Interview with August Wilson Critical Thinking and Writing 51. Critical Strategies for Reading photo: Ezra Pound photo: Margaret Atwood Critical Thinking The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy Formalist Strategies Biographical Strategies Psychological Strategies Historical Strategies Literary History Criticism Marxist Criticism New Historicist Criticism Cultural Criticism Gender Strategies Feminist Criticism Gay and Lesbian Criticism Mythological Strategies Reader-Response Strategies Deconstructionist Strategies 51. Reading and Writing photo: Dorothy Parker The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature Reading the Work Closely Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking Annotated Text Journal Note Choosing a Topic Developing a Thesis Arguing about Literature Questions for Arguing about Literature Organizing a Paper Writing a Draft Writing the Introduction and Conclusion Using Quotations Revising and Editing Questions for Writing: A Revision Checklist Manuscript Form Types of Writing Assignments Explication A SAMPLE STUDENT EXPLICATION: A Reading of Dickinson’s "There’s a certain Slant of light"