The Elements of Style

\ \ Chapter 2: Elementary Principles of Composition\ 12. Choose a suitable design and hold to it.\ A basic structural design underlies every kind of writing. Writers Will in part follow this design, in part deviate from it, according to their skills, their needs, and the unexpected events that accompany the act of composition. Writing, to be effective, must follow closely the thoughts of the writer, but not necessarily in the order in which those thoughts occur. This calls for a scheme of procedure. In some cases, the best design is no design, as with a love letter, which is simply an outpouring, or with a casual essay, which is a ramble. But in most cases, planning must be a deliberate prelude to writing. The first principle of composition, therefore, is to foresee or determine the shape of what is to come and pursue that shape.\ A sonnet is built on a fourteen-line frame, each line containing five feet. Hence, sonneteers know exactly where they are headed, although they may not know how to get there. Most forms of composition are less clearly defined, more flexible, but all have skeletons to which the writer will bring the flesh and the blood. The more clearly the writer perceives the shape, the better are the chances of success.\ 13. Make the paragraph the unit of composition.\ The paragraph is a convenient unit; it serves all forms of literary work. As long as it holds together, a paragraph may be of any length-a single, short sentence or a passage of great duration.\ if the subject on which you are writing is of slight extent, or if you intend to treat it briefly, there may be no need to divide it into topics. Thus, a brief description, a brief book review, a brief account of a single incident, a narrative merely outlining an action, the setting forth of a single idea-any one of these is best written in a single paragraph. After the paragraph has been written, examine it to see whether division will improve it.\ Ordinarily, however, a subject requires division into topics, each of which should be dealt with in a paragraph. The object of treating each topic in a paragraph by itself is, of course, to aid the reader. The beginning of each paragraph is a signal that a new step in the development of the subject has been reached.\ As a rule, single sentences should not be written or printed as paragraphs. An exception may be made of sentences of transition, indicating the relation between the parts of an exposition or argument.\ In dialogue, each speech, even if only a single word, is usually a paragraph by itself; that is, a new paragraph begins with each change of speaker. The application of this rule when dialogue and narrative are combined is best learned from examples in well-edited works of fiction. Sometimes a writer, seeking to create an effect of rapid talk or for some other reason, will elect not to set off each speech in a separate paragraph and instead will run speeches together. The common practice, however, and the one that serves best in most instances, is to give each speech a paragraph of its own.\ As a rule, begin each paragraph either with a sentence that suggests the topic or with a sentence that helps the transition. If a paragraph forms part of a larger composition, its relation to what precedes, or its function as a part of the whole, may need to be expressed. This can sometimes be done by a mere word or phrase (again, therefore, for the same reason) in the first sentence. Sometimes, however, it is expedient to get into the topic slowly, by way of a sentence or two of introduction or transition.\ In narration and description, the paragraph sometimes begins with a concise, comprehensive statement serving to hold together the details that follow.\ The breeze served us admirably.\ The campaign opened with a series of reverses.\ The next ten or twelve pages were filled with a curious set of entries.\ \ But when this device, or any device, is too often used, it becomes a mannerism. More commonly, the opening sentence simply indicates by its subject the direction the paragraph is to take.\ At length I thought I might return toward the stockade.\ He picked up the heavy lamp from the table and began to explore.\ Another flight of steps, and they emerged on the roof.\ \ In animated narrative, the paragraphs are likely to be short and without any semblance of a topic sentence, the writer rushing headlong, event following event in rapid succession. The break between such paragraphs merely serves the purpose of a rhetorical pause, throwing into prominence some detail of the action.\ In general, remember that paragraphing calls for a good eye as well as a logical mind. Enormous blocks of print look formidable to readers, who are often reluctant to tackle them. Therefore, breaking long paragraphs in two, even if it is not necessary to do so for sense, meaning, or logical development, is often a visual help. But remember, too, that firing off many short paragraphs in quick succession can be distracting. Paragraph breaks used only for show read like the writing of commerce or of display advertising. Moderation and a sense of order should be the main considerations in paragraphing....

FOREWORD.INTRODUCTION.I.ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE. 1.Form the Possessive Singular of Nouns by Adding 's. 2.In a Series of Three or More Terms with a Single Conjunction, Use a Comma after Each Term except the Last. 3.Enclose Parenthetic Expressions between Commas. 4.Place a Comma before a Conjunction Introducing an Independent Clause. 5.Do Not Join Independent Clauses with a Comma. 6.Do Not Break Sentences in Two. 7.Use a Colon after an Independent Clause to Introduce a List of Particulars, an Appositive, an Amplification, or an Illustrative Question. 8.Use a Dash to Set Off an Abrupt Break or Interruption and to Announce a Long Appositive or Summary. 9.The Number of the Subject Determines the Number of the Verb.10.Use the Proper Case of Pronoun.11.A Participial Phrase at the Beginning of the Sentence Must Refer to the Grammatical Subject.II.ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION.12.Choose a Suitable Sesign and Hold to It.13.Make the Paragraph the unit of Composition.14.Use the Active Voice.15.Put Statements in Positive Form.16.Use Definite, Specific, Concrete Language.17.Omit Needless Words.18.Avoid a Succession of Loose Sentences.19.Express Coordinate Ideas in Similar Form.20.Keep Related Words Together.21.In Summaries, Keep to One Tense.22.Place the Emphatic Words of a Sentence at the End.III.A FEW MATTERS OF FORM.IV.WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY MISUSED.V.AN APPROACH TO STYLE (WITH A LIST OF REMINDERS). 1.Place Yourself in the Background. 2.Write in a Way That Comes Naturally. 3.Work From a Suitable Style. 4.Write with Nouns and Verbs. 5.Revise and Rewrite. 6.Do Not Overwrite. 7.Do Not Overstate. 8.Avoid the Use of Qualifiers. 9.Do Not Affect a Breezy Manner.10.Use Orthodox Spelling.11.Do Not Explain Too Much.12.Do Not Construct Awkward Adverbs.13.Make Sure the Reader Knows Who is Speaking.14.Avoid Fancy Words.15.Do Not Use Dialect Unless Your Ear Is Good.16.Be Clear.17.Do Not Inject Opinion.18.Use Figures of Speech Sparingly.19.Do Not Take Shortcuts at the Cost of Clarity.20.Avoid Foreign Languages.21.Prefer the Standard to the Offbeat.Afterword.Glossary.

\ From Barnes & NobleA fundamental resource for writers, editors, and students since 1959, the slim volume known simply as "Strunk and White" distills the combined wisdom of Cornell University English professor William Strunk Jr. and legendary New Yorker writer E. B. White. Though there are other books on the market that delve more deeply into matters of grammar and style, this is the best single source for anyone who desires a pithy, lively guide to the essentials of effective writing. In prose that is itself a paragon of clarity, the authors indicate how to apply the basic principles of grammar and punctuation, how to properly construct a sentence and a paragraph, how to use words and expressions in their proper form and context, and how to avoid the mistakes and mannerisms that make for turgid, pretentious, or simply unintelligible writing. Even professionals who have achieved expertise in the art of written communication will want The Elements of Style nearby at all times for support and inspiration.\ \ \ \ \ Boston GlobeNo book in shorter space, with fewer words, will help any writer more than this persistent little volume.\ \ \ BooknewsThis edition of the classic guide to lean, vigorous writing includes a new glossary of grammatical terms and has been revised to update references in examples and to reflect contemporary usage. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)\ \