The Portable Enlightenment Reader
The Age of Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, also called the Age of Reason, was so named for an exultant intellectual movement that shook the foundations of Western civilization. In championing radical ideas such as individual liberty and an empirical appraisal of the universe through rational inquiry and natural experience, Enlightenment philosophers in Europe and America planted the seeds for modern liberalism, cultural humanism, science and technology, and laissez-faire capitalism....
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The Age of Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, also called the Age of Reason, was so named for an exultant intellectual movement that shook the foundations of Western civilization. In championing radical ideas such as individual liberty and an empirical appraisal of the universe through rational inquiry and natural experience, Enlightenment philosophers in Europe and America planted the seeds for modern liberalism, cultural humanism, science and technology, and laissez-faire capitalism. This volume brings together the era's classic works, with more than a hundred selections from a broad range of sources - including works by Kant, Diderot, Voltaire, Newton, Rousseau, Locke, Franklin, Jefferson, Madison, and Paine - that demonstrate the pervasive impact of Enlightenment views on philosophy and epistemology as well as on political, social, and economic institutions. Included are seminal discourses on science and religion, on the social contract, on the equality (and inequality) of the sexes and the races, and on economics and markets, as well as homages to nature and sexual pleasure, and poetry and opera librettos that embody the movement's social ideals.
Notes to Introduction\ Suggestions for Further Reading\ Chronological Table\ Part One: The Enlightenment Spirit: An Overview\ What is Enlightenment?\ Kant\ The Human Mind Emerged from Barbarism\ d’Alembert\ “Encyclopédie”\ Diderot\ Definition of a Philosophe\ Dumarsais\ Le mariage de Figaro\ Beaumarchais\ The Magic Flute\ Mozart\ The Future Progress of the Human Mind\ Condorcet\ Part Two: Reason and Nature\ The New Science\ Bacon\ Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy\ Newton\ The New Physics\ Cotes\ On Bacon and Newton\ Voltaire\ The Rat\ Buffon\ The Utility of Science\ Condorcet\ The Organization of Scientific Research\ Priestley\ Letter to Joseph Priestley\ Franklin\ Part Three: Reason and God\ On Superstition and Tolerance\ Bayle\ A Letter Concerning Toleration\ Locke\ On Enthusiasm\ Shaftesbury\ The Argument for a Deity\ Newton\ A Discourse of Free-Thinking\ Collins\ “If there is a God…;”\ Montesquieu\ Of Miracles and the Origin of Religion\ Hume\ Reflections on Religion\ Voltaire\ Profession of Faith of a Savoyard Vicar\ Rousseau\ “No need of theology…;only of reason…;”\ d’Holbach\ The Progress of Superstition\ Gibbon\ Unitarianism\ Priestley\ “Religion…;my views of it…;”\ Jefferson\ “Something of my religion…;”\ Franklin\ The Temple of Reason\ The Age of Reason\ Paine\ Part Four: Reason and Humanity\ The Mind and Ideas\ “I think, therefore I am…;”\ Descartes\ An Essay Concerning Human Understanding\ Locke\ New Essays on Human Understanding\ Leibnitz\ On Mr. Locke\ Voltaire\ A Treatise of Human Nature\ Hume\ Man a Machine\ la Mettrie\ Of Ideas, Their Generation and Associations\ Hartley\ The Philosophy of Common Sense\ Reid\ Treatise on the Sensations\ Condillac\ Education and Childhood\ Some Thoughts Concerning Education\ Locke\ Children and Civic Education\ Rousseau\ Education for Civil and Active Life\ Priestley\ Manners and Morals\ The Fable of the Bees\ Mandeville\ An Essay on Man\ Pope\ Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure\ Cleland\ Enjoyment and Tahiti\ Diderot\ Concerning the Moral Sense\ Hutcheson\ The Impartial Spectator\ Smith\ A Treatise on Man\ Helvétius\ Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals\ Kant\ The Principle of Utility\ Bentham\ Taste and Art\ On Wit\ Addison\ Ideas of Beauty and Virtue\ Hutcheson\ Discourse on Style\ Buffon\ Of the Standard of Taste\ Hume\ The Sublime\ Burke\ On Theater and Morals\ Rousseau\ On Custom and Fashion\ Smith\ The Beautiful and Sublime\ Kant\ Discourse on Art\ Reynolds\ Part Five: Reason and Society\ Progress and History\ The New Science\ Vico\ The Utility of History\ Bolingbroke\ History as Guide\ Hume\ On Progress\ Turgot\ A Critique of Progress\ Rousseau\ In Defense of Modernity\ Voltaire\ The Four-Stage Theory of Development\ Smith\ The Progressive Character of Human Nature\ Ferguson\ “How glorious, then, is the prospect…;”\ Priestley\ The Perfectibility of Man\ Condorcet\ Politics and the State\ The Second Treatise of Civil Government\ Locke\ The Spirit of the Laws\ Montesquieu\ Political Essays\ Voltaire\ Discourse on the Origin of Inequality\ Rousseau\ The Social Contract\ Rousseau\ Common Sense\ Paine\ The American Declaration of Independence\ Benevolent Despotism\ Frederick the Great\ Federalist No. 10\ Madison\ The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen The Rights of Man\ Paine\ Enquiry Concerning Political Justice\ Godwin\ The Economy and Markets\ The Royal Exchange\ Addison\ Industry and the Way to Wealth\ Franklin\ Of Luxury\ Hume\ The Physiocratic Formula\ Quesnay\ Economic Liberty\ Turgot\ The Wealth of Nations\ Smith\ Crime and Punishment\ The Severity of Criminal Laws\ Montesquieu\ An Essay on Crimes and Punishments\ Beccaria\ On Torture and Capital Punishment\ Voltaire\ The State of Prisons\ Howard\ “Cases unmeet for punishment…;”\ Bentham\ War and Peace\ Splendid Armies\ Voltaire\ “There never was a good war…;”\ Franklin\ Perpetual Peace\ Kant\ Gender and Race\ Some Reflections upon Marriage\ Astell\ Duties of Women\ Rousseau\ The Fair Sex\ Kant\ Women, Adored and Oppressed\ Paine(attr.)\ “A woman…;gossips much…;”\ Mozart\ Women’s Education\ Macaulay\ On the Equality of the Sexes\ Constantia\ The Rights of Woman\ de Gouges\ Vindication of the Rights of Woman\ Wollstonecraft\ “Negroes…;naturally inferior to the whites…;”\ Hume\ Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes\ Woolman\ The Difference between the Races\ Kant\ “Who are you, then, to make slaves…;”\ Diderot\ “Bestial manners, stupidity, and vices…;”\ Long\ African Slavery in America\ Paine\ Of Empires and Savages\ Gibbon\ On Indians and Negroes\ Jefferson\ “Negro”\ Encylopaedia Britannica\ The End of Empire\ Priestley
