The Structure of Argument

Part One Understanding Argument 1. Understanding the Structure of Argument The Nature of Argument *X-Ray Tests Both Security, Privacy, THOMAS FRANK *Airport Screeners Could See X-Rated X-Rays, JOE SHARKEY *Freedom to Live Trumps All!, CHRIS KAPPER Practice Why Study Argument? The Terms of Argument The Claim Practice The Support The Warrant Practice Writer’s Guide: Learning the Key Terms The Audience *SAMPLE ANALYSIS *Will the Politics of Teen Sex Stop a Cancer Vaccine?, ADVOCATES FOR YOUTH ASSIGNMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURE OF ARGUMENT *Why U.S. Health Care Costs Aren’t Too High, CHARLES R. MORRIS 2. Reading and Listening Critically Responding as a Critical Reader Writer’s Guide: General Reading Strategies Practice The Declaration of Independence, THOMAS JEFFERSON Comprehending Argument Writer’s Guide: Strategies for Comprehending Arguments *Sex and the Cinema, EDWARD J. EPSTEIN Practice Evaluating Arguments Writer’s Guide: Strategies for Evaluating Arguments SAMPLE ANALYSIS The Gettysburg Address, ABRAHAM LINCOLN Lincoln’s Logic, CHARLES ADAMS Practice Responding as a Writer SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY No-Win Situations, ALFIE KOHN Writer’s Guide: Annotating a Text Practice *‘Freak Dancing’: If Only It Stopped There, DESDA MOSS Responding as a Critical Listener Writer’s Guide: Guidelines for Critical Listening ASSIGNMENTS FOR READING AND LISTENING CRITICALLY 3. Reading Visual Texts Critically Responding to a Visual Argument Practice Practice Cease Fire [advertisement] Sample Analysis of an Advertisement We Can Not Tell a Lie Sample Analysis of a Web Site The Hungersite.com [Web site] Responding Online Guidelines for Responding Online ASSIGNMENTS FOR READING VISUAL TEXTS CRITICALLY *4. Writing about Argument *Writing the Claim *Practice *Let’s Have No More Monkey Trials, CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER *Planning the Structure SAMPLE ESSAYS WITH ANALYSIS *Is There a Torturous Road to Justice?, ALAN M. DERSHOWITZ *Alan Dershowitz’s Tortuous Torturous Argument, SETH FINKELSTEIN *Using Sentence Forms to Construct an Argument *Providing Support *Summarizing *Paraphrasing *Quoting *Writer’s Guide: Incorporating Quotations into Your Text *Practice *Documenting Your Sources Writer’s Guide: Documenting Use of Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotations *Avoiding Plagiarism READINGS FOR ANALYSIS *Should We Fight Terror with Torture?, ALAN DERSHOWITZ *Parents Need Help, BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD Warfare: An Invention—Not a Biological Necessity, MARGARET MEAD *DEBATE: HOW SERIOUS IS THE PROBLEM OF ONLINE PREDATORS? *MySpace and Sex Offenders: What's the problem?, BOB SULLIVAN *MySpace Is Not Responsible for Predators, KEVIN ALEXANDER *ASSIGNMENTS FOR WRITING ABOUT ARGUMENT 5. Defining Key Terms The Purposes of Definition Defining the Terms in Your Argument Defining Vague and Ambiguous Terms Practice Methods for Defining Terms Practice Stipulation Negation Examples Extended Definition The Definition Essay Writer’s Guide: Writing a Definition Essay *SAMPLE ANALYSIS The Definition of Terrorism, BRIAN WHITAKER READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Race by the Numbers, ORLANDO PATTERSON Family a Symbol of Love and Life, but Not Politics, ERIC ZORN Don’t Torture English to Soft-Pedal Abuse, GEOFFREY NUNBERG DEBATE: IS THE DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE CHANGING? Gay Marriage Shows Why We Need to Separate Church and State, HOWARD MOODY Will It Be Marriage or Civil Union?, JO ANN CITRON ASSIGNMENTS FOR UNDERSTANDING DEFINITION 6. Claims Claims of Fact Sufficient and Appropriate Data Reliable Authorities Facts or Inferences Writer’s Guide: Defending a Claim of Fact SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: CLAIM OF FACT A Reassuring Scorecard for Affirmative Action, MICHAEL M. WEINSTEIN Practice *Picking Sides for the News, ROBERT J. SAMUELSON Claims of Value Writer’s Guide: Defending a Claim of Value SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: CLAIM OF VALUE Kids in the Mall: Growing Up Controlled, WILLIAM SEVERINI KOWINSKI Practice *Crash, ROGER EBERT Claims of Policy Writer’s Guide: Defending a Claim of Policy SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: CLAIM OF POLICY College Life versus My Moral Code, ELISHA DOV HACK READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Supersize Your Child?, RICHARD HAYES ‘Saw’ Good at Tying Things in Knots, WESLEY MORRIS Letter from Birmingham Jail, MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DEBATE: UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES DOES THE GOVERNMENT HAVE THE RIGHT TO SEIZE PERSONAL PROPERTY? *One Year Later, Power to Seize Property Ripe for Abuse, USA TODAY *Vital Tool of Last Resort, DONALD J. BORUT ASSIGNMENTS FOR DEFENDING CLAIMS 7. Providing Support Types of Support: Evidence and Appeals to Needs and Values Evidence Factual Evidence Opinions: Interpretations of the Facts Practice Evaluation of Evidence Evaluation of Factual EvidenceEvaluation of Statistics Evaluation of Opinions When Experts Disagree Appeals to Needs and Values Appeals to Needs Appeals to Values Evaluation of Appeals to Needs and Values Writer’s Guide: Using Effective Support Practice SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY Single-Sex Education Benefits Men too, CLAUDIUS E. WATTS III SAMPLE ANALYSIS The True Costs of S.U.V.’s, HAL R. VARIAN The True Confusion about SUV Costs, BETHANY ROYCE Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious? The Dubious Merits of Organic Foods, KRISTEN WEINACKER (STUDENT) READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Connecting the Dots . . . to Terrorism, BERNARD GOLDBERG A New Look, an Old Battle, ANNA QUINDLEN Marriage Plus, THEODORA OOMS *DEBATE: Is assuming the role of citizen journalist worth the risk? *Praise for Student’s Footage of Virginia Tech Mass Killing, LILY YULIANTI *Disaster Photos: Newsworthy or Irresponsible?, MARK MEMMOTT, with ALAN LEVIN and GREG LIVADAS ASSIGNMENTS FOR PROVIDING SUPPORT 8. Analyzing Warrants What Are Warrants? Practice An Unjust Sacrifice, ROBERT A. SIRICO Types of Warrants SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY The Case for Torture, MICHAEL LEVIN Writer’s Guide: Recognizing Warrants READINGS FOR ANALYSIS *We’re All Celebrities in Post-Privacy Age, ERIC AUCHARD Newman’s Own 100% Grape Juice [advertisement] Do We Need the Census Race Question?, NATHAN GLAZER Civil Disobedience, HENRY DAVID THOREAU DEBATE: ARE YOU RESPONSIBLE FOR YOUR OWN WEIGHT? Absolutely. Government Has No Business Interfering with What You Eat, RADLEY BALKO Not If Blaming the Victim Is Just an Excuse to Let Industry Off the Hook, KELLY BROWNELL AND MARION NESTLE ASSIGNMENTS FOR ANALYZING WARRANTS 9. Avoiding Flawed Logic Induction SAMPLE ESSAY: AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT True or False: Schools Fail Immigrants, RICHARD ROTHSTEIN Practice Deduction *SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY: A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT *It’s All about Him, DAVID VON DREHLE Practice A Note on the Syllogism and the Toulmin Model Common Fallacies Writer’s Guide: Avoiding Logical Fallacies Practice READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Show Biz Encourages Looser Teen Sex Habits , HERYL McCARTHY Food for Thought (and for Credit), JENNIFER GROSSMAN A Modest Proposal, JONATHAN SWIFT DEBATE: SHOULD THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FUND EMBRYONIC STEM-CELL RESEARCH? Use the Body’s "Repair Kit": We Must Pursue Research on Embryonic Stem Cells, Christopher Reeve The Misleading Debate on Stem-Cell Research, MONA CHAREN ASSIGNMENTS FOR AVOIDING LOGICAL FALLACIES 10. Choosing Fair and Precise Language The Power of Words *Address to Congress, 8 December 1941, PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT Practice Connotation Slanting Selection, Slanting, and Charged Learning, NEWMAN P. BIRK AND GENEVIEVE B. BIRK Practice Picturesque Language Concrete and Abstract Language Short Cuts Cliches Slogans *SAMPLE ANNOTATED ESSAY *Address to the Nation, September 11, 2006, GEORGE W. BUSH Writer’s Guide: Choosing Your Words Carefully READINGS FOR ANALYSIS Americans Entitled to Cheap Gas—Right?, JOAN RYAN $hotgun Weddings, KATHA POLLITT Politics and the English Language, GEORGE ORWELL DEBATE: Does the Government Have the Right to Regulate Guns? The Right to Bear Arms, WARREN E. BURGER A God-Given Natural Right, ROGER B. McGRATH ASSIGNMENTS FOR CHOOSING FAIR AND PRECISE LANGUAGE Part Two Researching, Writing, and Presenting Arguments 11. Planning and Researching an Argumentative Paper Finding an Appropriate Topic Invention Strategies Evaluating Possible Topics Writer’s Guide: Why Use Sources? Initiating Research Writer’s Guide: Keeping Your Research on Track Mapping Research: A Sample Outline Using Sources: Primary Research Using Sources: Secondary Research Selecting and Searching Databases Types of DatabasesEncyclopedias Statistical Resources Government Publications Searching the Web Evaluating Sources Evaluating Print Sources Evaluating Web Sources Evaluating a Web Site: One Example Taking Notes Documenting Your Research: MLA System Documenting Your Research: APA Sources 12. Writing an Argumentative Paper Defining the Issues Case Study: School Uniforms Organizing Material Defending the Main Idea Refuting an Opposing View Finding the Middle Ground Presenting the Stock Issues Ordering Material for Emphasis Considering Scope and Audience To This Point Writing Beginning the Paper Guidelines for Good Writing The MLA System for Citing Sources Revising Preparing the Manuscript Writer’s Guide: Checklist for Argumentative Papers Sample Research Paper (MLA Style) *Thalidomide: Changing a Drug’s Reputation, SUZANNE SIMKOVICH The APA System for Citing Sources Sample Research Paper (APA Style) *The Controversy over Women in Combat, ALLISON MATHEWS 13. Presenting an Argument Orally The Audience Credibility Organization Language Support Presentation Aids Charts, Graphs, Handouts Audio Video Multimedia SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH Live Longer and Healthier: Stop Eating Meat!, C. RENZI STONE GLOSSARY OF TERMS INDEX OF SUBJECTS INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES *new to this edition