Titanium: A Technical Guide
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PrefaceCh. 1A Primer on Titanium and Its Alloys1ReadMe.First1Why Use Titanium and Its Alloys?1Titanium Metallurgy - A Short Course2Getting the Most Out of Titanium Alloys3Some Thoughts about the Future3A Few Facts about Titanium and Its Production3Ch. 2Introduction to Selection of Titanium Alloys5General Background5Selection of Titanium Alloys for Service5The Titanium Alloys8Application and Control of Titanium Alloys9Titanium Alloys Systems Availability9Evolution of Casting and Precision Forging9The Role of Processing10Property Data11Ch. 3Understanding the Metallurgy of Titanium13Crystal Structure and Alloy Types13Effects of Alloying Elements14Transformations and Secondary Phase Formation16Titanium Groupings17Microstructural Development in Titanium Alloys21Ch. 4Ingot Metallurgy and Mill Products25General Aspects25Titanium Ingot Production27Primary Fabrication30Ch. 5Forging and Forming33Forging33Forming36Ch. 6Castings39Alloys Used for Casting39Advantages of Cast Titanium and Titanium Alloys39Casting Technology40Design Considerations41Effect of Weld Repair41Hot Isostatic Pressing41Heat Treatment42Cast Titanium Applications42Cost Comparisons43Mechanical Properties43Ch. 7Powder Metallurgy47Benefits of Powder Metal Processing47Alloys Used in Powder Metallurgy Applications48Titanium Powder Metallurgy Production Processes48Powder-Making Process48Consolidation and Shapemaking49Postcompaction Treatments51Applications52Cost Factors52Mechanical Properties52Ch. 8Heat Treating55Why Heat Treat?55Response to Heat Treatment55Special Considerations in Heat Treatment56Stress Relieving56Process Annealing57Solution Annealing (Treatment) and Aging58Aging60Atmospheres, Contamination, and Post-Heat Treatment Processing61Growth during Heat Treatment63Host Isostatic Pressing63Ch. 9Joining Technology and Practice65Joining a Reactive Metal65Weldability65Brazeability66Weld Microstructure66Weld Defects68Welding Specifications69Joint Design Criteria and Limitations70Precautions in Welding Practice70Fusion Welding Practice70Arc Welding73Electron Beam, Laser Beam, and Resistance Spot Welding75Some Fusion Welding Process Comparisons75Solid-State Welding Practice76Brazing Practice77Ch. 10Machining79Traditional Machining of Titanium80Nontraditional Machining Methods83Surface Integrity83Ch. 11Cleaning and Finishing85Special Coatings and Surface Finishes85Cleaning and Descaling Problems85Removal of Scale86Molten Salt Descaling Baths87Pickling Procedures Following Descaling88Removal of Tarnish Films89Acid Pickling89Polishing and Buffing90Wire Brushing91Removal of Grease and Other Soils91Chemical Conversion Coatings91Electroplating on Titanium92Other Coatings and Procedures92Ch. 12Relationships among Structures, Processing, and Properties95Basic Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys95Structure and Hardening of Titanium96Interstitial Effects in Titanium96Pure Titanium Mechanical Properties97Alpha/Near Alpha Alloys99Alpha-Beta Alloys99Beta Alloys101Relationships among Alloy Properties and Structures102Static Properties of Alloys103Cyclic Properties of Alloys105Cast Titanium Alloy Properties110Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloy Properties114Low-Temperature Service117Ch. 13Corrosion Resistance123Corrosion Behavior and Corrosion Resistance123Corrosion Technology124Uniform Corrosion Processes125Allying Additions and Corrosion126Localized Corrosion Processes127Hydrogen in Titanium128Stress-Corrosion Cracking128Liquid Metal Embrittlement130Ch. 14Advanced Alloys and Future Directions131Titanium Aluminides131Titanium Matrix Composites133Other Process Techniques134Nanostructure Technology and Rapid-Solidification Rate Processing135Higher-Temperature Conventional Titanium Alloys135Closing Comments136App. ASummary Table of Titanium Alloys139App. BTitanium Alloy Datasheets143App. CCross Reference to Equivalent Titanium Alloys283App. DListing of Selected Specification and Standardization Organizations289App. ESelected Manufacturers, Suppliers, Services295App. FCorrosion Data307App. GMachining Data313App. HWeights and Conversions327App. ISymbols331App. JGlossary333App. KSelected References for Additional Reading345Subject Index351Alloy Index369
