Winning Chess Tactics

Index A absolute pins, 35-38, 41, 60, 87, 89, 100, 209-10 active, 235 advanced combinations, 201, 203 advantage, 235 Alekhine, Alexander, 30, 45, 152, 157, 163-73, 175, 185 Alekhine's Defense, 30 algebraic notation, x, 235 analysis, 235 Anderssen, Adolf, 135-43, 145-46, 151, 156, 167 Andersson, Ulf, 189 annotation, 236 attacks, 236     discovered, 9, 15, 84, 141, 153, 199, 207, 223, 238         with pawns, 32         against squares, 205         and x-rays, 111, 113     double, 6, 9, 22-32, 69, 108, 113, 147, 205, 238         and batteries, 82         by pawns, 29-32     mating, 242 Averbakh, Yuri, 6 B back rank     checkmates, 66-69, 112, 136, 150-62, 215,223, 241         and batteries, 82     Kings on, 66 back rank, continued     weak, 68-69, 76, 220, 224         and x-rays, 111 basic tactics, 199 batteries, 79-88, 161 Berry, Jonathan, 107 Bishops     on adjacent diagonals, 87     forks, 20     hanging, 11     on open diagonals, 85-86     opposite-colored, 243     pairs, 236     and Queens on diagonals, 86     and Rook-Pawn vs. King, 128-29 blockades, 124-25, 236 blunders, 236 Botvinnik, Mikhail, 5, 106, 175, 185 Bradford, Texas Joe, 29 breakthrough, 236     combinations, 91-93 building fortresses, 119, 122-30, 221 Burns, Amos, 158 C Capablanca, Jos Ra£l, 40, 157, 163, 166, 209 captures, forced, 105-6, 208 capturing en passant, 239 castling, 61, 154, 165, 193     Kingside, 237     purpose of, 236     Queenside, 237 castling, continued     rule, 236 center, 237 Chajes, O., 164 chaturanga, 85 checks     discovered, 12-14, 59, 114, 205, 214, 238     double, 15, 55, 142, 206, 214, 224, 238     perpetual, 57-60, 118, 150, 243, 247         vs. pursuit, 119     premature, 26     when to avoid, 26 checkmate, 237     back rank, 66-69, 112, 136, 150, 162, 178, 215, 223         and batteries, 82     discovered, 215     double, 15     pure, 140     smothered, 54-55, 245 chess conventions, 37 chess notation. See algebraic notation chess terms, 37 classical, 237 clearance sacrifices, 105-9, 156, 162, 217 closed     files, 79     games (see positions, closed) combinations, 45, 14, 237     advanced, 201, 203     breakthrough, 91-93 combinations, breakthrough, continued         sacrifices in, 92     involving Kings, 51-69     petite, 23, 33     recognizing, 67 connected passed pawns. See pawns, connected passed conventions, 37 correspondence chess, 18 counterplay, 238 cramp, 238 critical positions. See positions, critical D decoys, 99-103 defenses, 238. See also openings (or individual defense names) deflection, 73-78, 181, 216 destroying King's cover, 61-65, 161 development, 145-147     definition, 238 diagonals     Bishop and Queen on, 86     Bishops on adjacent, 87     doubling on open, 79     open, 79, 85-87, 146 discovered     attacks, 9, 15, 141, 153, 199, 207, 223, 238         with pawns, 32         against squares, 205         and x-rays, 111, 113     checkmate, 15, 215     checks, 12-15, 55, 59, 114, 142, 205, 206, 214, 224, 238 double attacks, 6, 9-33, 69, 108, 113, 147, 205, 238         and batteries, 82 double attacks, continued         by pawns, 29-32 doubled Rooks on 7th, 80, 228, 244 doubling     on open files, 101     on open lines, 79     Rooks, 211 draws, 89, 119-30. See also stalemates; three-time repetition of position     definition, 239     forcing, 124     material imbalance, 126-29     perpetual check, 57-60     stalemate, 51-55     three-time repetition, 58, 119, 169 E Elo rating, xi, 239 Elo, Arpad, 239 en passant     example of, 83     rule, 239 endgame, 239 English Opening, 164, 186 equality, 239 Evans Gambit, 140 Evergreen Game, The, 140 Exchange, the, 12, 42, 85, 166, 170, 205-6,208-9, 224, 239 exchanging, 239 F Fédération Internationale des checs (FIDE), xi, 239 FIDE, xi, 239 files, 239     closed, 79     doubling on open, 79, 101 files, continued     half-open, 79, 83, 240     open, 79-83, 242 Fine, Reuben, 29, 151,157, 170 Fischer, Bobby, 26, 163, 169, 185 Flamberg, Alexander Davidovich, 152 flank, 239 Forbis, 179 force, 3, 240. See also material forced, 240     captures, 105-6, 208     moves, 146 forcing     draws, 124     moves, 113, 121, 162         to specific squares, 99     stalemates, 128     trades, 152 forks, 9, 18-26, 69, 75, 80, 101-2, 168, 170-71, 199, 206-8, 223     Bishop, 20     as combinations, 22     King, 21     Knight, 4, 19, 23-24     pawn, 31-32, 53, 208     Queen, 21     Rook, 20     royal, 19, 23, 96, 101-2, 107, 187, 218     underpromoting to create, 95 fortresses, building, 119, 122, 221 French Defense, 154, 238, 247 G gambits, 151, 158, 171, 240 Gheorghiu, Florian, 192 Grandmaster (GM), 240 Gurgenidze, Bukhuty Ivanovich, 182 H half-open files, 79, 83, 240 hanging, 240     Bishops, 11     Knights, 37, 74     Queens, 225 heavy pieces, 241 hole, 241 Hort, Vlastimil, 66 Hbner, Robert, 186 hypermodern, 167, 241 I Immortal Game, The, 136 initiative, 237, 241 international chess federation, xi, 239 International Master (IM), 240 interposition, 21 intuition, 241 K Karpov, Anatoly, 185, 192 Kasparov, Garry, 163,185-95 King's Gambit, 137 Kings     and absolute pins, 35     on back rank, 66     vs. Bishop and Rook-Pawn, 128-29     and castling, 61     destroying cover of, 6165, 161, 213     drawing into hostile territory, 61-64     forks, 21 Kings, continued     keeping out, 122     vs. Knight and Rook-Pawn, 127-28     making luft for, 67     open, 51     relative strength of, 122     stalemated, 7     tactics and combinations involving, 51-71     vs. two Knights, 126-127     weak, 6, 51 Kingside, 241 Knights     forks, 4, 19, 23-24     hanging, 37, 74     and Rook-Pawn vs. King, 127-28     two, vs. King, 126-27 L Lasker, Emanuel, 4, 11, 97, 114, 157, 163, 171, 206 L'Hermet, R., 154 luft     definition, 241     making, 67 M major pieces, 241 Marshall, Frank, 157-62 Master, 241 mate, 242. See also checkmate material     advantage, 240, 242     definition, 240     imbalances, 126-29     point count system, 244 middlegame, 242 Miller, J., 176 minor pieces, 242 mobility, 242 Modern Benoni System, 182 Morphy, Paul, 143, 145-50, 156, 167 moves, 243-46     forced, 146, 162     forcing, 113, 121     passive, 243 N Nimzovich, Aaron, 45, 89, 236 notation. See algebraic notation O occupying squares, 242 open     diagonals, 79, 85-87, 146         doubling on, 79     files, 79-83         doubling on, 79, 101         pins on, 211     games. See positions, open     Kings, 51     positions. See positions, open openings, 242-43     and absolute pins, 35     Alekhine's Defense, 30     and Alexander Alekhine, 163     CaroKann Defense, 238     English Opening, 164, 186, 243     Evans Gambit, 140     French Defense, 154, 238, 247     gambits, 137, 140, 151, 158, 171, 240     and Garry Kasparov, 185     King's Gambit, 137, 243     Modern Benoni System, 182 openings, continued     names of, 30     Philidor Defense, 146     Queen's Gambit Declined, 158, 171     Queen's Indian Defense, Petrosyan System, 189, 193     Scandinavian Defense, 36     Sicilian Opening         Dragon Variation, 180     Tarrasch Defense, 160     Two Knights' Defense, 176, 248     Vienna Opening, 152 opposite-colored Bishops. See Bishops, opposite-colored overextending, 243 overworked pieces, 73, 215 P Parsons, Jeffrey, 55 passed pawns. See pawns, passed pawn     chains, 237     structure, 3         static factor, 246 pawns     backward, 236     capturing en passant, 239     connected passed, 237     as defenders, 74     discovered attacks with, 32     double attacks by, 29-32     doubled, 238     forks, 3132, 53, 208     passed, 91, 120, 218, 243         connected, 91         protected, 244     passing through, 91     poisoned, 244     power of, 89-97 pawns, continued     promoting, 89-96, 218, 224, 231, 243-44 (see also pawns, underpromoting)     protected passed, 244     queening potential of, 31     sacrificing, 120, 137, 141         for Rooks on 7th, 80     and stalemate, 127     stopping, 236     strength from weakness, 29-30     trading for pieces, 31     underpromoting, 94-96 (see also pawns, promoting)         to avoid stalemate, 94-95         to create forks, 95         reasons for, 94 perpetual     checks, 57-60, 118, 150 (see also checks, perpetual)         vs. pursuits, 119     pursuits, 119-121, 221         vs. checks, 119         definition, 243 petite combinations, 23 Petrosyan System of Queen's Indian Defense, 189, 193 Petrosyan, Tigran, 185 Philidor Defense, 146 Philidor, Fran ois-Andr Danican, 41, 146 philosophies     classical, 237     hypermodern, 241 pieces     as defenders, 74-75     heavy, 241     major, 241     minor, 242 pieces, continued     overworked, 73, 215     trapping, 129-30     undefended, 7, 74 pigs, 244     on 7th, 80, 244 pins, 15, 35-45, 69, 100, 142, 148, 165, 199, 206, 208, 210, 215     absolute, 35-38, 41, 60, 87, 89, 100, 209-10     and batteries, 82     on open files, 211     relative, 35, 38, 41-43, 209     vs. skewers, 47 Pipe Game, The, 158 plans, 244 playing styles, 246 point count system. See material, point count system     in tournaments, 51 positional     concepts, 151     definition, 244     players, 175 positions     closed, 237     cramping, 238     critical, 238     open, 242     passive, 243     sharp, 245     simplifying, 245     wild, 248 powerful pawns, 89-96 prepared variations. See variations, prepared preventing sacrifices, 158 principles, 240 promoting pawns, 89-96, 218, 224, 231. See also pawns, promoting promotion, 244. See also pawns, promoting protected passed pawns. See pawns, protected passed pure checkmate, 140 pursuits, perpetual, 119-21, 221     vs. check, 119     definition, 243 Q Queen's Gambit Declined, 158, 171 Queen's Indian Defense, Petrosyan System, 189, 193 queening, 31, 89-93, 218. See also pawns, promoting Queens     and Bishops on diagonals, 86     creating from pawns, 89-93     developing too early, 36     forks, 21     hanging, 225     sacrificing, 11, 24, 62, 64, 68, 76, 86     vulnerability of, 121 Queenside, 244 R ranks, 245 rating, 245. See also Elo rating recognizing tactics and combinations, 67 relative pins, 35, 38, 41-43, 209 Reschevsky, Sammy, 119 resigning, 245 Reti, Richard, 167 romantic, 245 Rooks     doubled on 7th rank, 80, 228     doubling, 211     ensuring activity of, 80     forks, 20     as King hunters, 63     on 7th rank, 79, 216         doubled, 80, 228         sacrificing pawns for, 80 royal forks, 19, 23, 96, 10-12, 107, 187, 218, 245 Rubinstein, Akiba Kiwelowicz, 160, 233 S sacrifices, 5, 9, 14, 22, 159, 208     in breakthrough combinations, 92     clearance, 105-9, 156, 162, 217, 237     and decoys, 99-102     definition, 245     to draw out Kings, 61-62     pawn, 120, 137, 141         for Rooks on 7th, 80     preventing, 158     for promotion, 89, 91     Queen, 11, 24, 62, 64, 68, 76, 86     for stalemate, 52-53 Scandinavian Defense, 36 7th rank     double Rooks on, 80     importance of, 81     pigs on, 80     Rooks on, 79         sacrificing pawns for, 80 Sicilian Opening     Dragon Variation, 180 Silman, Jeremy, 6 Silman's Rules of Recognition, 6, 10, 14, 207 simplification, 212. See also trading simultaneous games, 176, 179 skewers, 4749, 166, 199, 208, 211     definition, 245     vs. pins, 47 smothered checkmate, 54-55, 245 Smyslov, Vasily, 56, 175 space, 3     advantage, 236     count system, 246     definition, 246     static factor, 246 Spassky, Boris, 94, 185 Spielmann, Rudolf, 151-56, 157 squares, occupying, 242 stalemates, 7, 51-55, 85-86, 149, 212-13     and a- and h-pawns, 127     motion, 94-95     definition, 246     forcing, 128     perils of, 64     sacrifices to achieve, 52-53     undesirable, 54 Steinitz, Wilhelm, 140, 143, 233 strategy, 246 structure, pawn, 3 studies, 17 style. See playing styles T tactics, 34     basic, 199     definition, 246 tactics, continued     double attacks, 9-32     forks, 18     involving Kings, 51-69     recognizing, 67 Tal, Mikhail, 107, 175-84, 185 Tarrasch Defense, 160 tempo, 246. See also time terms, 37 theory, 247 three-time repetition of position, 58, 119, 169, 213, 247 tied game. See draws time, 246     controls, 247     definition, 247     limits, 247     loss of, 246     pressure, 247 tournaments, point count, xi, 51 trades, forcing, 152 trading, 74, 138     advantages of, 13     even, 36     exchange, 239     pawns for pieces, 31     simplification, 212 transposition, 247 trapping pieces, 129-30 traps, 168, 247 Troitzky, Alexei Alexeyevich, 17 Two Knights' Defense, 176, 248 U undefended pieces, 7, 74 underpromoting, 218     definition, 248     pawns, 94-96         to avoid stalemate, 94-95         to create forks, 95         reasons for, 94 V variations     calculating, 236     definition, 248     prepared, 244 Vienna Opening, 152 Von Bardeleben, Curt, 233 W weak     back rank, 68-69, 76,220, 224         and x-rays, 111     King, 6, 51 weaknesses, 248 windmills, 111, 114-15, 220 Wizard of Riga, 107 World Champions     Alekhine, Alexander, 30, 163     Botvinnik, Mikhail, 5, 106, 175, 185     Capablanca, Jos Ra£l, 166, 209     Fischer, Bobby, 26, 185     Karpov, Anatoly, 185, 192     Kasparov, Garry, 185-95     Lasker, Emanuel, 4, 11, 114     rating of, 239     Smyslov, Vasily, 175     Steinitz, Wilhelm, 140     Tal, Mikhail, 107, 175-84 X x-rays, 111-13, 220, 233     and discovered attacks, 111, 113     and weak back rank, 111 Y Youngworth, Perry, 103 Z zugzwang, 210, 248 zwischenzug, 117-18, 121, 225, 248

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