Wisdom: From Philosophy to Neuroscience
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A compelling investigation into one of our most coveted and cherished ideals, and the efforts of modern science to penetrate the mysterious nature of this timeless virtue.We all recognize wisdom, but defining it is more elusive. In this fascinating journey from philosophy to science, Stephen S. Hall gives us a dramatic history of wisdom, from its sudden emergence in four different locations (Greece, China, Israel, and India) in the fifth century B.C. to its modern manifestations in education, politics, and the workplace. We learn how wisdom became the provenance of philosophy and religion through its embodiment in individuals such as Buddha, Confucius, and Jesus; how it has consistently been a catalyst for social change; and how revelatory work in the last fifty years by psychologists, economists, and neuroscientists has begun to shed light on the biology of cognitive traits long associated with wisdom—and, in doing so, begun to suggest how we might cultivate it.Hall explores the neural mechanisms for wise decision making; the conflict between the emotional and cognitive parts of the brain; the development of compassion, humility, and empathy; the effect of adversity and the impact of early-life stress on the development of wisdom; and how we can learn to optimize our future choices and future selves.Hall’s bracing exploration of the science of wisdom allows us to see this ancient virtue with fresh eyes, yet also makes clear that despite modern science’s most powerful efforts, wisdom continues to elude easy understanding. The Barnes & Noble Review Hall's final chapter is an extended recognition of this point, and ends by making gestures towards the irreducible "mystery" of wisdom. But the complexity of the task does not entail that it is permanently unresolvable; rather, it forces us to think afresh about what questions we are asking and what phenomena we are investigating. If I were to say (as I am inclined to) that the wisdom of an individual consists in maturity, intelligence ("there is no method but to be intelligent," said T. S. Eliot; Hall reports studies distinguishing intelligence from wisdom), and self-possession (understood as resistance to blandishments from without and overweening appetites within), this would seem to indicate that wisdom relates to character and behaviour in a social setting, and that we are therefore more likely to learn about it from literature, history, and philosophy than from other sources. This is not to downplay the importance of the new neurologically-informed social sciences, which are fascinating and promising in equal measure; but it is to insist that all our studies need to connect with all our other studies, and that some of them might merit still taking the lead even though others now have superb new machines to aid them. I suspect that Hall shares this view; which is the most interesting implication of his book.
PART ONE: WISDOM DEFINED (SORT OF) One What Is Wisdom? Two The Wisest Man in the World: The Philosophical Roots of Wisdom Three Heart and Mind: The Psychological Roots of Wisdom PART TWO: EIGHT NEURAL PILLARS OF WISDOM Four Emotional Regulation: The Art of Coping Five Knowing What’s Important: The Neural Mechanism of Establishing Value and Making a Judgment Six Moral Reasoning: The Biology of Judging Right from Wrong Seven Compassion: The Biology of Loving-Kindness and Empathy Eight Humility: The Gift of Perspective Nine Altruism: Social Justice, Fairness, and the Wisdom of Punishment Ten Patience: Temptation, Delayed Gratification, and the Biology of Learning to Wait for Larger Rewards Eleven Dealing with Uncertainty: Change, “Meta-Wisdom,” and the Vulcanization of the Human Brain PART THREE: BECOMING WISE Twelve Youth, Adversity, and Resilience: The Seeds of Wisdom Thirteen Older and Wiser: The Wisdom of Aging Fourteen Classroom, Boardroom, Bedroom, Back Room: Everyday Wisdom in Our Everyday World Fifteen Dare to Be Wise: Does Wisdom Have a Future? Acknowledgments: Confucius Says . . . Notes Bibliography Index
