Women In Public Administration: Theory And Practice

ForewordAbout the AuthorsContributorsPrefaceIntroductionPart I Theoretical FoundationsChapter 1 Feminist Theories and Their Application to Public Administration Janet R. Hutchinson Hutchinson, Janet R. 3Introduction 3Theoretical Framework 3Strategies for a Feminist PA 4Foundational Theories of Feminism 5The Feminist Project and PA 8An Inclusive, Multigendered Administrative State 11Summary 12Discussion Questions 13References 13Chapter 2 Jane Addams' Theory of Democracy and Social Ethics: Incorporating a Feminist Perspective Patricia M. Shields Shields, Patricia M. 15Introduction 15Who is Jane Addams? 17Jane Addams' Feminism: A Snapshot 18Contemporary Relevance 19Democracy 21Social Ethics and the Social Claim 21Role of Experience and the Situation 24Sympathetic Understanding 25Scientific Attitude (or Openness to Intellectually Honest Inquiry) 26Dignity of the Everyday 28Idealized Rule of Living 30Conclusion 30Discussion Questions 31Notes 31References 33Chapter 3 A Theory of Difference Helisse Levine Levine, Helisse 35Introduction 35Background and Review of the Literature 36Tensions Between Difference Theory and Western Imperialism 37Universal Rights or Imperialist Feminism? 38Conclusion 40Discussion Questions 41References 41Part II Family-Friendly Policies and PracticesChapter 4 Case Study: Female-Friendly Policies in the Academe Heather Wyatt-Nichol Wyatt-Nichol, Heather 45Introduction 45Gendered Public Administration 46Role Conflict 48Tenure Rates 49Structural Inequality 49Family-Friendly Policies 51Parental Leave Beyond the Family and Medical Leave Act 54Active Service-Modified Duties 55Tenure Clock Stop 55Child Care 56Barrier of Organizational Culture 59Recommendations 60Support From Leadership 60Support From Colleagues 61Automatic Tenure Clock Stop 61Greater Flexibility 61Conclusion 62Discussion Questions 62References 63Chapter 5 Research Productivity and Career Trajectories of Women in Public Administration Meghna Sabharwal Sabharwal, Meghna 67Introduction 67Faculty Research Productivity 68Women Academics in PA and PP 69Data and Findings 70Overview of Personal and Work Characteristics of Faculty by Gender 71Scholarly Productivity by Gender 75Conclusion 75Discussion Questions 77Notes 77References 78Chapter 6 Family-Friendly Policies From Denmark: An International Perspective Lotte Bøgh Andersen Andersen, Lotte Bøgh 81Introduction 81Danish Researchers and Research Institutions 82Gender and Individual Performance 83Gender Diversity and Organizational Performance 84Data and Methods 86Results 87Discussion 89Conclusion 91Discussion Questions 92References 92Chapter 7 (Un)intended Consequences of Family-Friendly Workplace Policies Sharon Mastracci Mastracci, Sharon 95Introduction 95Mixed Evidence of the Efficacy of "Family-Friendly" Policies 98Access Versus Uptake 99Evidence From the American Time use Survey 100Results 104Good or Good Enough? 105Discussion Questions 106References 106Appendix 7-A Variable Means for Women Working in Federal Government or Private Sector 110Part III Diversity, Ethics, and LawChapter 8 Women and the Law: Statutory and Constitutional Legal Frameworks for Gender Equality Shelly L. Peffer Peffer, Shelly L. 113Introduction 113Statutory Framework for Gender Equality 114U.S. Constitutional Framework for Gender Equity 118Future of Women's Rights and Gender Equity 121Discussion Questions 122References 122Chapter 9 Minority Women and Public Administration Lia Abney Abney, Lia 125Introduction 125Representation of Minority Women 126Emotional Labor 128Challenges and Barriers for the Minority Women 130Glass Ceiling 131Equal Pay 132Affirmative Action 133Backlash to Affirmative Action 134Affirmative Action and Education 134Minority Women Trailblazers 136Sojouner Truth 136Viola O. Baskerville 137Patricia Roberts Harris 137Other Trailblazers 138Conclusion 138Discussion Questions 139References 140Chapter 10 Women in Public Administration: Sustainable Development and Social Justice Deniz Zeynep Leuenberger Leuenberger, Deniz Zeynep 141Introduction 141Public Administration and Sustainable Development Theory 142Sustainable Development and Social Justice 142Markets, Women's Labor, and Equity 144Participation and the Democratic Process 145Horizontal Hierarchy and Systems Theories 146Conclusion 147Discussion Questions 148References 148Chapter 11 Women in Public Budgeting and Financial Management John R. Bartle Bartle, John R. 151Introduction 151Evolving Role of Women in Public Budgeting and Financial Management: Three Indicators of Progress 152Scholarship and Research 152Participation in Professional Associations 157Women as Practitioners and Leaders 159Gender Budgeting: Women in Action 162Brief History and Overview of GRB 162Conclusion 165Discussion Questions 166Acknowledgments 166Notes 166References 167Part IV Public Administration in Practice: Issues and ObstaclesSection A The Female Practitioner 169Chapter 12 Municipal Clerks: A Female Perspective of Local Government Victoria Gordon Gordon, Victoria 171Introduction 171Role of the Clark: What are the Duties of Municipal Clerks? 173Job Satisfaction 173Meaning of Job Satisfaction 173Private and Public Sector Employees 174Model of Job Satisfaction 175Research Questions 175Factors of Job Satisfaction 176Pay and Job Satisfaction 176Resources and Job Satisfaction 177Training and Job Satisfaction 177Work Load and Job Satisfaction 177Supervisors and Job Satisfaction 178Espit de Corps and Job Satisfaction 178Gender and Job Satisfaction 178Age and Job Satisfaction 178Job Level and Job Satisfaction 178Education and Job Satisfaction 179Survey 179Measuring Factors 179Perceptions of Municipal Clerks: Clerks Responses 179Descriptions and Characteristics of Clerks 180Job Satisfaction 181Bivariate and Multivariate Results 183What Can We Learn from the Survey Results? 183Frustrations and Rewards 184Conclusion 189What More Can We Learn About Municipal Clerks and Job Satisfaction? 189What Can Be Done to Improve Relationships with Muncipal Clerks? 189Discussion Questions 190References 190Chapter 13 Women in Public Sector Unions: Opportunities and Obstacles on the Path to Activism and Leadership Patrice M. Mareschal Mareschal, Patrice M. 193Climbing Through Windows in Public Administration and Public Sector Unions 193Science Versus Democracy: Progressive Era Reforms and the Administrative State 194Industrialization, Oppression, and the Emergence of the American Labor Movement: A Brief History 196Public Sector Unions: Serving Workers, Serving Society 197Constructing a Legal Framework for Public Sector Collective Bargaining 198Union Density: A Reversal of Fortune in Public and Private Sectors 199Confronting Obstacles in the House of Labor 200Opportunities 202Interviewing Three Daughters of the Dragon King 204How Did They Become Active? 204How Have They Overcome Obstacles and Challenges? 204What are Their Greatest Accomplishments? 204What is Most Rewarding About Their Jobs? 205What Advice do They Have for Other Union Members? 205Conclusion 205Discussion Questions 207References 208Chapter 14 Women in the U.S. Military Randall D. Miller Miller, Randall D. 211Introduction 211Brief History 212Military Women Today 220Contemporary Challenges for Military Women and the U.S. Armed Services 221Professional Opportunity 221Sexual Harassment and Assault 221Family Issues 223Marriage and Ops Tempo 224Dual-Service Couples 225Single Parents 226Challenges Facing Female Veterans 226Conclusion 227Discussion Questions 227References 228Chapter 15 The Pipeline and Women Practitioners J. L. Peters Peters, J. L. 231Introduction 231Looking at the Pipeline From Both Ends 232Conclusion 235Discussion Questions 235Note 235References 236Section B The Female Manager 237Chapter 16 Beating the Odds: Female Faculty, Students, and Administrators in Schools of Public Affairs Rachelle Brunn Brunn, Rachelle 239Introduction 239Women's Experience in Academia 240Data and Methods 242Students in Schools of Public Affairs 243Public Affairs Faculty 243Classroom Dynamics 244Work-Family Conflicts 244Mentorship 245Conclusions and Recommendations 246Discussion Questions 247Notes 248References 248Chapter 17 In Their Own Words: Profiling Women Strategic Managers in Award-Winning Programs Kathryn Kloby Kloby, Kathryn 251Introduction 251State of Washington's GMAP and Performance Review 253Leading the Way with Larisa Benson 254Managing Change 255Management Style 256Gender and the Perceptions of Others 257Balancing Personal and Professional Demands (or not) 257Advice to New Professionals 258Oregon Progress Board 258Reflections of Former Executive Director Rita Conrad 259Why the Work Matters 260Management Style 260Gender and the Perceptions of Others 261Advice to New Professionals 262Virginia Performs 262Transcending Administrative Boundaries Jane Kusiak Kusiak, Jane 264Management Style 264Working at Arm's Length From Government 265Strategic Challenges 266Balancing Gender and Career Options 267Advice for New Professionals 267Conclusion 268Discussion Questions 269References 269Chapter 18 Managing Gendered Politics in Careers: A Case of Women Managers in the Federal Government A. Carol Rusaw Rusaw, A. Carol 271Introduction 271Symbolic Interactionism 274Method 275Thematic Analysis 276Political Games 276Restrictive Organizational Cultures 277Assignments of Limited Significance 277High Pressure to Succeed 277Nonrecognition as Professionals 278Credibility 278Positive Political Strategies 278Turning Negative Conditions Into an Advantage 279Enlisting Support 279Cultivating Protectors and Allies 280Findings 280Conclusion 281Discussion Questions 282References 283Chapter 19 Women and the Nonprofit Sector Renee Nank Nank, Renee 285Introduction 285Women in Nonprofit Organizations 287Women and Associations: Historical Perspectives on Gender and the Sector 288Onward: Current Issues and Future Trends for Women and the Nonprofit Sector 291Leadership Gap Opportunity 291Leadership Styles and Gender: Balancing Tensions or Disappearing the Feminine? 291Discussion Questions 294References 294Part V The Future of Women in Public AdministrationChapter 20 In Search of a Middle Ground: Preachy, Screechy, and Angry Versus Soft, Sweet, and Compliant Mary E. Guy Guy, Mary E. 299Introduction 299The Difference that Gender Makes 302Opportunity, Power, and Numbers 304Conclusion 305Discussion Questions 306References 306Chapter 21 Concluding Remarks Maria J. D'Agostino D'Agostino, Maria J. 309References 310Glossary 311Index 323