Annual Review of Nano Research, Volume 1

Preface     xvContributing Authors     xviiRecent Progress in Syntheses and Applications of Inverse Opals and Related Macroporous Materials Prepared by Colloidal Crystal Templating   Justin C. Lytle   Andreas Stein     1General Introduction     1Synthesis of Colloidal Crystals     3Synthesis of 3D0M Structures     6Synthesis of Simple Oxides     6Synthesis of Ternary Oxides and Higher Compositions     9Synthesis of Non-Oxides     10Synthesis of Metals     13Synthesis of Semiconductors     16Synthesis of Polymers     17Synthesis of Hydrogels     19Synthesis of Hybrid Compositions and Composites     20Nanocasting with 3D0M Templates     21Hierarchical Structuring     22Two-Dimensional Pore Arrays     28Properties and Applications of 3D0M Materials     29Mechanical Characterization     29Optical Applications     30Photonic Crystals     30Modification of Spontaneous Emission     33Tunable Photonic Crystals     35Metallic and Metallodielectric Photonic Crystals via Colloidal Crystal Templating     38Defects and Deformations in Photonic Crystals     393D0M Pigments     41Dye-Sensitized Titania Photonic Crystals     42Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy     44Sensors     44Response Based on Changes in Refractive Index     45Response Based on Changes in Pore Spacing or Pore Geometry     46Response Based on Changes in Surface Electronic States     47Electrochemical Response     48Magnetic Properties     49Catalysis     51Electrode and Battery Applications     54Sorption and Wetting Behavior     57Bioactive Materials     60Pseudomorphic Transformation of 3DOM Materials     62Conclusion     64Acknowledgements     64References     64Photonic Crystals: Fundamentals and Applications   Alvaro Blanco   Cefe Lopez     81Introduction     81Photonic Band Gap Materials     83Optical Characterization     91Photonic Bands Interpretation     93Applications     95Metamaterials     100Preparation of Photonic Crystals      102One-Dimensional Systems     102Two-Dimensional Systems     104Three-Dimensional Systems     107Colloidal Crystals     111Bare Opals     112Further Processing     121Composites     123Summary     139Acknowledgements     140References     140Nanoparticle-Micelle: A New Building Block for Facile Self-Assembly and Integration of 2-, 3- Dimensional Functional Nanostructures   Hongyou Fan   C. Jeffrey Brinker     153Introduction     154Synthesis of NP-Micelles     155Synthesis of Ordered NP Arrays     165Synthesis of Hierarchically Ordered Mesostructured NP Arrays     165Synthesis of Ordered NP Arrays in Thin Films     172Integration of NP Arrays for Charge Transport Study     180Conclusions and Outlook     183Acknowledgements     184References     184Electrospinning Nanofibers with Controlled Structures and Complex Architectures   Dan Li   Jesse T. McCann   Manual Marquez   Younan Xia     189Introduction     189Experimental Setup for Electrospinning      190History and Mechanism of Electrospinning     191Nanofibers Containing Nanoscale Fillers     194Nanoparticles as the Fillers     195Nanowires and Nanotubes as the Fillers     197Nanosheets as the Fillers     197Electrospinning with a Dual-Capillary Spinneret     199Core/Sheath Nanofibers     199Hollow Nanofibers with Controlled Surface Structures     201Improvement of Electrospinnability     203Porous Nanofibers     204Porous Nanofibers by Bicomponent Spinning     205Porous Fibers by Polymer-Solvent Phase Separation     205Complex Nanofibers via Post-Spinning Treatment     207Ordered Architectures of Electrospun Nanofibers     209Concluding Remarks     212Acknowledgements     212References     212Structure of Doped Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes   L. Duclaux   J.-L. Bantignies   L. Alvarez   R. Almairac   J.-L. Sauvajol     215Introduction     215Structure of Doped SWCNTs (X-Ray Diffraction and Neutron Diffraction Studies)     218Electron Acceptors     219Electron Donors     224Insertion of Li and Na     224Heavy Alkali Metals (K, Rb, Cs)     226The Local Structure (EXAFS and TEM)     233Rubidium Doping     234Iodine Doping     238Raman Spectroscopy of Bundled SWCNT     241Raman Spectra of Alkali-Doped SWCNT Bundles     243Doping at Saturation Level     243Progressive Doping     244Conclusion     247References     250Electron Transport in Molecular Electronic Devices   Shimin Hou   Zekan Qian   Rui Li     255Introduction     255Experimental Progress in Molecular Electronic Devices     256The NEGF+DFT Approach     265Current Formula for an Electrode-Molecule-Electrode Junction     266Implementation of the NEGF+DFT Approach     271Green's Function Part: Calculating the Density Matrix in an Open System     274DFT Part: Calculating the KS Hamiltonian Matrix from the Density Matrix     282Achieving Self-Consistency     285Application and Challenge of the NEGF+DFT Approach     287Conclusion     290References     290Structure, Properties, and Opportunities of Block Copolymer/Particle Nanocomposites   Lindsay Bombalski   Jessica Listak   Michael R. Bockstaller     295Introduction     296Structure Formation in BCP Hybrid Materials - Theory and Simulation     302Structure Formation of BCP Hybride Materials - Experiments     306Equilibrium BCP/Particle Composite Morphologies     306Nonequilibrium BCP/Particle Composite Morphologies     317Structure-Property Relations and Applications of BCP/NP Hybrid Materials     323Properties Capitalizing on Effective Properties of Randomized NP Inclusions     325Properties Capitalizing on Cooperative Phenomena of Discrete Particle Arrangements     328Conclusion     331Acknowledgements     333References     333Electro-Oxidation and Local Probe Oxidation of Nano-Patterned Organic Monolayers   Daan Wouters   Ulrich S. Schubert     337Introduction     337Monolayer Formation     340Thiolate Monolayers     341Alkylsilane Monolayers     342Monolayer Patterning     347Monolayer Patterning by Means of Energetic Beams     350Monolayer Patterning by Means of Local Probes     357Local Probe Oxidation      357Local Probe Electro-Oxidation of SAMs     361Other Examples of Local Probe Electro-Oxidation     372Summary     374Acknowledgements     375References     375Recent Development of Organogels Towards Smart and Soft Materials   Norifumi Fujita   Pritam Mukhopadhyay   Seiji Shinkai     385General Introduction     386First Generation Organogels     386Steroid-Based Gelators     387Anthracene-Based Gelators     387Amino Acid and Ammonium Carbamate-Based Gelators     388Sugar-Based Organogels     391Chiral Gelators     391Glycoluril-Based and Macrocycle-Based Gelators     392Gelators Based on Complex Building Blocks     393Second Generation Organogels     394Host-Guest Interaction     395H-Bonding Interaction     399Donor-Acceptor Interaction     406Metal-Responsive Organogels     408Gels with Novel Optical Properties     412Photo-Responsive Organogels     416Redox Active Organogels     419Light Harvesting Organogel Systems     420Miscellaneous Organogels     423Biomedical Applications     424Conclusions and Future Outlook     425References     425Biosensors Based on Gold Nanoparticle Labeling   Robert Moller   Wolfgang Fritzsche     429Introduction     429General Features of Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Bioconjugation     431Detection of Gold Nanoparticles - DNA Conjugates     434Optical Detection     434Homogeneous Detection     434Heterogeneous Detection     438Optical Scattering     441Raman Scattering     443Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Imaging     446Photothermal Imaging     448Micromechanical Detection     449Quartz-Crystal Microbalances (QCM)     449Microcantilever     450Electrical Detection     451Electrochemical Detection     451Resistive or Capacitive Detection     453Further Applications of Gold Nanoparticles for Biosensing     455Outlook     458References     459Quantum Dot Applications in Biotechnology: Progress and Challenges   Cheng-An J. Lin   Jimmy K. Li    Ralph A. Sperling   Liberato Manna   Wolfgang J. Parak   Walter H. Chang     467Introduction     468Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Surface Modification for Their Use in Biomedical Research     470Synthesis of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals     470Hydrophilic Modification     473Ligand Exchange     474Surface Silanization     476Amphiphilic Polymer/Surfactant Coating     477Conclusions     480Bioconjugate Techniques     480Synthesis of 'Greener' Quantum Dots (GQDs)     483Properties of Quantum Dots     487Some Basic Photo-Physical Properties     487Cytotoxicity/Biocompatibility     491Quantum Dots as a Cellular Probe     493Labeling of Cellular Structures and Receptors     493Incorporation of Quantum Dots by Living Cells     495Tracking the Path and the Fate of Individual Cells with Quantum Dot Labels     499Quantum Dots as a Biosensors     502Quantum Dots as FRET Donor     502Quantum Dots as FRET Acceptor     505Quantum Dots as in vivo Probes     506Perspectives     509Acknowledgements      510References     510DNA-Based Artificial Nanostructures   Giampaolo Zuccheri   Marco Brucale   Alessandra Vinelli   Bruno Samori     531Introduction     531Affinity vs. Specificity in DNA Interactions     532Structural Codes for DNA in the Nanoscale: Shape and Dynamics     533The DNA Shape Code: How Local Deformations Can Affect the Average Molecular Shape     534DNA Flexibility: Curvature is Only Half of the Story (but the Story is not Complete Yet)     537Surface-DNA Interactions can be Sequence-Dependent     538A Practical Application of the Watson-Crick DNA Code: DNA Chips and DNA Detection     539Base-Pairing for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology     540An Evolving Fauna of DNA-Based Molecular Nanostructures     543Hybrid Nanostructures Based on DNA Assembly: Metal Nanoparticles Plus DNA as an Example     543Nature and Nanotechnology are a Matter of Hierarchy (and Topology)     547Zero-Dimensional Topologies in DNA Artificial Nanostructures: Discrete DNA Constructs     549Mono-Dimensional Topologies: Linear Arrays of Supramolecularly Connected Components to Make DNA Nano-Objects     550Two-Dimensional Topologies of DNA Tiles     550Raising the Size and Complexity: Algorithmic Assembly, DNA Origami, and Other Assemblies on Long Template Strands     554Building 3D Objects     559Strategies to Enhance the Structural Rigidity of the Nanostructures     559The Enhancement of Symmetry in the Assembly: An Alternative Strategy     561The Temporal Dimensionality     562Conclusions and Outlook     565Acknowledgements     566References     566Recent Progress on Bio-Inspired Surface with Special Wettability   Shutao Wang   Huan Liu   Lei Jiang     573Introduction     574Some Basic Aspects about Surface Wettability     575Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity     575Wenzel's Model and Cassie's Model     578Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity     579Unique Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Nature     579Artificial Superhydrophobic Surface     585Towards the Simple Process     586Towards Environmental Stability     589Towards Multi-Function     591Superhydrophilic Surfaces     597Surfaces with Tunable Wettability from Superhydrophobic to Superhydrophilic     602Responsive Surfaces Between Superhydrophobicity and Superhydrophilicity     606Single Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces     606Photo-Responsive Surfaces     606pH-Responsive Surfaces     611Thermal-Responsive Surfaces     612Electric-Field Responsive Surfaces     614Mechanical Force Responsive Surfaces     616Multi Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces     618Conclusions and Outlook     621References     622