Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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This best-seller bears the hallmark of all John McMurry’s books. On style, it is concise and avoids the ‘wordiness’ of most GOB texts. On substance, it is unusual in its balance of chemical concepts to explain the quantitative aspects of chemistry, and provides greater depth of insight into the theoretical chemical principles. This makes for a wider spectrum of the different angles from which to view chemistry, and thus, captures a greater number of readers. With a focus on problem solving and engaging discussions of relevant applications, this volume effectively covers the essentials of allied health chemistry and puts it in the context of everyday life. This revision adds two new authors; the author team now includes a specialist in each specific area of GOB (David Ballantine, General Chemistry; Carl Hoeger, Organic Chemistry; Virginia Peterson, Biochemistry). Measurements, Atoms and Elements, Nuclear Radiation, Compounds and Their Bonds, Chemical Reactions and Quantities, Energy and Matter, Gases, Solutions, Chemical Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes, Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, and Thiols, Aldehydes, Ketones, and Chiral Molecules, Carbohydrates, Carboxylic Acids and Esters, Lipids, Amines and Amides, Amino Acids and Proteins, Enzymes and Vitamins, Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis, Metabolic Pathways for Carbohydrates Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production, Metabolic Pathways for Lipids and Amino Acids. A useful reference for allied health professionals.
1. Matter and Life1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science1.2 States of Matter1.3 Classification of Matter1.4 An Example of a Chemical Reaction1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols1.6 Elements and the Periodic Table2. Measurements in Chemistry 2.1 Physical Quantities2.2 Measuring Mass2.3 Measuring Length and Volume2.4 Measurement and Significant Figures2.5 Scientific Notation2.6 Rounding Off Numbers2.7 Problem Solving: Converting a Quantity from One Unit to Another2.8 Problem Solving: Estimating Answers2.9 Measuring Temperature2.10 Energy and Heat2.11 Density2.12 Specific Gravity3. Atoms and the Periodic Table3.1 Atomic Theory3.2 Elements and Atomic Number3.3 Isotopes and Atomic Weight3.4 The Periodic Table3.5 Some Characteristics of Different Groups3.6 Electronic Structure of Atoms3.7 Electron Configurations3.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table3.9 Electron-Dot Symbols4. Ionic Compounds4.1 Ions4.2 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation4.3 Ionic Bonds4.4 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds4.5 Ions and the Octet Rule4.6 Ions of Some Common Elements4.7 Naming Ions4.8 Polyatomic Ions4.9 Formulas of Ionic Compounds4.10 Naming Ionic Compounds4.11 and Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases5. Molecular Compounds5.1 Covalent Bonds5.2 Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table5.3 Multiple Covalent Bonds5.4 Coordinate Covalent Bonds5.5 Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures5.6 Drawing Lewis Structures5.7 The Shapes of Molecules5.8 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity5.9 Polar Molecules5.10 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds5.11 Characteristics of Molecular Compounds6. Chemical Reactions: Classification and Mass Relationships6.1 Chemical Equations6.2 Balancing Chemical Equations6.3 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole6.4 Gram–Mole Conversions6.5 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations6.6 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations6.7 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield6.8 Classes of Chemical Reactions6.9 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines6.10 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions6.11 Redox Reactions6.12 Recognizing Redox Reactions6.13 Net Ionic Equations7. Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium7.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds7.2 Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions7.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions7.4 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy7.5 How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates7.6 Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates7.7 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium7.8 Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants7.9 Le Châtelier’s Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria8. Gases, Liquids, and Solids8.1 States of Matter and Their Changes8.2 Gases and the Kinetic–Molecular Theory8.3 Pressure8.4 Boyle’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure8.5 Charles’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature8.6 Gay-Lussac’s Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature8.7 The Combined Gas Law8.8 Avogadro’s Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount8.9 The Ideal Gas Law8.10 Partial Pressure and Dalton’s Law8.11 Intermolecular Forces8.12 Liquids8.13 Water: A Unique Liquid8.14 Solids8.15 Changes of State9. Solutions 9.1 Mixtures and Solutions9.2 The Solution Process9.3 Solid Hydrates9.4 Solubility9.5 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility9.6 The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henry’s Law9.7 Units of Concentration9.8 Dilution9.9 Ions in Solution: Electrolytes9.10 Electrolytes in Body Fluids: Equivalents and Milliequivalents9.11 Properties of Solutions9.12 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure9.13 Dialysis10. Acids and Bases10.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution10.2 Some Common Acids and Bases10.3 The Brønsted–Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases10.4 Water as Both an Acid and a Base10.5 Acid and Base Strength10.6 Acid Dissociation Constants10.7 Dissociation of Water10.8 Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: pH10.9 Working with pH10.10 Laboratory Determination of Acidity10.11 Buffer Solutions10.12 Buffers in the Body10.13 Acid and Base Equivalents10.14 Some Common Acid–Base Reactions10.15 Titration10.16 Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions11. Nuclear Chemistry11.1 Nuclear Reactions11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes11.4 Nuclear Decay11.5 Radioactive Half-Life11.6 Radioactive Decay Series11.7 Ionizing Radiation11.8 Detecting Radiation11.9 Measuring Radiation11.10 Artificial Transmutation11.11 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion12. Introductions to Organic Chemistry:Alkanes12.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules12.2 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups12.3 The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers12.4 Drawing Organic Structures12.5 The Shapes of Organic Molecules12.6 Naming Alkanes12.7 Properties of Alkanes12.8 Reactions of Alkanes12.9 Cycloalkanes12.10 Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes13.3 The Structure of Alkenes: Cis–Trans Isomerism13.4 Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes13.5 Types of Organic Reactions13.6 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes13.7 How Alkene Addition Reactions Occur13.8 Alkene Polymers13.9 Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene13.10 Naming Aromatic Compounds13.11 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds14. Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen14.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers14.2 Some Common Alcohols14.3 Naming Alcohols14.4 Properties of Alcohols14.5 Reactions of Alcohols14.6 Phenols14.7 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols14.8 Ethers14.9 Thiols and Disulfides14.10 Halogen-Containing Compounds15. Amines15.1 Amines15.2 Properties of Amines15.3 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds15.4 Basicity of Amines15.5 Amine Salts15.6 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids16. Aldehydes and Ketones16.1 The Carbonyl Group16.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones16.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones16.4 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones16.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes16.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones16.7 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals17. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names17.2 Some Common Carboxylic Acids17.3 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids17.4 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation17.5 Aspirin and Other Over-the-Counter Carboxylic Acid Derivatives17.6 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides17.7 Polyamides and Polyesters17.8 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives18. Amino Acids and Proteins18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry18.2 Protein Structure and Function: An Overview18.3 Amino Acids18.4 Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids18.5 Handedness18.6 Molecular Handedness and Amino Acids18.7 Primary Protein Structure18.8 Shape-Determining Interactions in Proteins18.9 Secondary Protein Structure18.10 Tertiary Protein Structure18.11 Quaternary Protein Structure18.12 Chemical Properties of Proteins19. Enzymes and Vitamins19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes19.2 Enzyme Cofactors19.3 Enzyme Classification19.4 How Enzymes Work19.5 Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity19.6 Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Feedback and Allosteric Control19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition19.9 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control19.10 Vitamins20. Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs20.1 Messenger Molecules20.2 Hormones and the Endocrine System20.3 How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight20.4 Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones20.5 Steroid Hormones20.6 Neurotransmitters20.7 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists20.8 Histamine and Antihistamines20.9 Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine20.10 Neuropeptides and Pain Relief20.11 Drug Discovery and Drug Design21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy21.1 Energy and Life21.2 Energy and Biochemical Reactions21.3 Cells and Their Structure21.4 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production21.5 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer21.6 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions21.7 Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle21.9 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production21.10 Harmful Oxygen By-Products and Antioxidant Vitamins22. Carbohydrates 22.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates22.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates22.3 The D and L Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar Molecules22.4 Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides22.5 Some Important Monosaccharides22.6 Reactions of Monosaccharides22.7 Disaccharides22.8 Variations on the Carbohydrate Theme22.9 Some Important Polysaccharides23. Carbohydrate Metabolism23.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates23.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview23.3 Glycolysis23.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis23.5 The Fate of Pyruvate23.6 Energy Output in Complete Catabolism of Glucose23.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production23.8 Metabolism in Fasting and Starvation23.9 Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus23.10 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis23.11 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose from Noncarbohydrates24. Lipids24.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids24.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters24.3 Properties of Fats and Oils24.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols24.5 Cell Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids and Glycolipids24.6 Cell Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol24.7 Structure of Cell Membranes24.8 Transport Across Cell Membranes24.9 Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes25. Lipid Metabolism25.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols25.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport25.3 Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview25.4 Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols25.5 Oxidation of Fatty Acids25.6 Energy from Fatty Acid Oxidation25.7 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis25.8 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids26. Nucleic Acids and Proteins26.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes26.2 Composition of Nucleic Acids26.3 The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains26.4 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson–Crick Model26.5 Nucleic Acids and Heredity26.6 Replication of DNA26.7 Structure and Function of RNA26.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis26.9 The Genetic Code26.10 Translation: Transfer RNA and Protein Synthesis27. Genomics27.1 Mapping the Human Genome27.2 A Trip Along a Chromosome27.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms27.4 Recombinant DNA27.5 Genomics: Using What We Know28. Protein and Amino Acid28.1 Digestion of Proteins28.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview28.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group28.4 The Urea Cycle28.5 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms28.6 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids29. Body Fluids29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes29.2 Fluid Balance29.3 Blood29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Blood Cells, and Immunity29.5 Blood Clotting29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation29.8 Urine Composition and Function
